The first lighting of the streets with oil lamps in 1843.

Ten years later there were said to be 50 lamps in existence, which were lighted from dusk to midnight, and the number continued to increase until October, 1865, when the first gas-lamps were lighted in the Esplanade and Bhendy -Bazar


Contemporary records indicate that the Police Office at this period (1800-1850) was located in the Fort ; the court of the -Senior Magistrate of Police was housed in a building in Forbes Street, and the court of the Second Magistrate in a house in Mazagon. The powers of both Magistrates were limited, and all cases involving sentences of more than six months' imprisonment, or affecting property valued at more than Rs. 50, had to be sent to the Court of Petty Sessions or committed to the Recorder's, subsequently the Supreme Court. The Court of Petty Sessions was composed of the two Magistrates of Police and a Justice of the Peace (the Superintendent-General of Sir J. Mackintosh's draft Regu- lation), and sat every Monday morning at 10 a. m. at the Police Office in the ForT

Ganpati festival 18 TH CENTURY

Pilaji Ramji's Naka " of the twentieth century,

which is the name familiarly applied to the junction of Grant Road and Duncan Road near the Northbrook Gardens.

Here some years ago one Pilaji Ramji occupied a corner house, in which he used to place an enormous figure of the god Ganesh during the annual Ganpati festival. Large crowds of Hindus used to visit the house to see the idol, and hence gave the name " Pilaji's post " to the locality.

It is quite possible that the name first came into use in the eighteenth century.

MANI BHAVAN BOMBAY

MANI BHAVAN MAHATMA GANDHI'S RESIDENCE WHILE IN BOMBAY

MAHATMA GANDHI'S ROOM IN MANI BHAVAN

SAME colonial administrator.for the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and then to INDIA

GOVERNOR GENERAL OF INDIA 1786 TO 1792

SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS TO GEORGE WASHINGTON 1781
colonial administrator of USA and then india!!!

Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, KG (31 December 1738 – 5 October, 1805


The Earl Cornwallis between 1762 and 1792, was a british armyofficer and colonial administrator. In the united states and Britain, he is best remembered as one of the leading generals in the american war of independance. His 1781 surrender to a combined American-French force at the siege  of york town is often incorrectly considered the end of the war; in fact, it continued for a further two years

 In 1786 Cornwallis was made Governor-General and commander in chief in India .1786-1793

In 1792 he defeated Tippu Sultan, the powerful sultan of Mysoreby capturing his capital srirangapatanam

Cornwallis was again made Governor General of India in 1805.

 He died at Ghasipur in Benares shortly after arriving, and is buried overlooking the Ganges river where his memorial is maintained by the Indian Government

Facsimile of the manuscript draft of "The Star-Spangled Banner.

First appearance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" in print, September 15, 1814.

FRANCIS SCOT KEY "Through the clouds of the war the stars of that banner still shone in my view, and I saw the discomfited host of its assailants driven back in ignominy to their ships. Then, in that hour of deliverance and joyful triumph, my heart spoke; and "Does not such a country and such defenders of their country deserve a song?" was its question. With it came an inspiration not to be resisted; and even though it had been a hanging matter to make a song, I must have written it. Let the praise, then, if any be due, be given, not to me, who only did what I could not help doing, not to the writer, but to the inspirers of the song!"

AMERICAN FLAG OF 1812 WAR

AMERICAN SHIP WITH 18 GUNS CAPTURE BRITISH SHIP OF 24 GUNS

BRITISH GENERAL DRUMMOND

BATTLE

BATTLE SCENE

WAR OF 1812 BRITAIN VS AMERICA

HMS MINDENBuilt by the Indian company Jamshedji Bomanji Wadia in 1810, launched from the Duncan docks in Bombay (now Mumbai) and christened on 23 June of that year, she was the first Royal Navy ship built outside of the British Isles AND AMERICAN NATIONAL ANTHEM WAS WRITTEN IN THIS SHIP

Star Spangled Banner's Mumbai connection It won't be too inappropriate the odd historical link between mumbai and this song. one has to go almost 187 years back to september 1814, when newly independent united states was at battle with BRITAIN again during the war of 1812, a two-year war that set theboundaries between the us and canada. by august 1814, the british forces seemed to be in the ascendant. they had had a numbeof successes, most notably, the sacking of washington where they burned the capitol, the white house and the offices oftreasury departments on august 24, 1814. from there they moved on baltimore, attacking fort mchenry in baltimore harbour from september 11 to 13. just before the battle, dr william beanes, a local magistrate in the town of upper marlboro near baltimore hadstragglers from the british forces thrown in jail. one of them escaped and reported beanes's action, which the british commander took as a hostile action. a detachment of british soldiers went to upper marlboro to take dr beanes into custody. as soon as they heard about this, two of dr beanes's friends, francis scott key, a baltimore lawyer and colonel john stuart skinner went to baltimore to plead for dr beanes's release with the british commander. he agreed, but detained the americans aboard one of his troop ships, the hms minden until the attack was over, to prevent them passing on any military information to the american army. the attack was fierce and to the americans watching the bombardment from the boat, it seemed like the fort was likely to surrender. as the sun went down, key saw that the large red, white and blue flag of the new republic was still flyng from the fort, and expected that by the next morning it would have gone as a sign of the fort's surrender. but when morning came, the americans were amazed to see the flag still flying, although scarred from the battle. key was so moved by this sight that he wrote these words right where he was on the ship: "oh say can you see, by the dawns early light what so proudly we hailed by the twilight's last gleaming? whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, o'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? and the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,' gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. o say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?" he later finished the poem back on land, and published it, anonymously, as "the defense of fort m'henry" in the baltimore patriot on september 20, 1814. it was quickly reprinted elsewhere, then set to music and renamed the star spangled banner." it became one of the most popular american patriotic songs, finally being officially made the national anthem relatively recently, on march 3, 1931. and the mumbai connection? the hms minden from where key saw the bombardment was constructed in MUMBAI it was made by the wadias, the famous parsi ship builders (and ancestors to bombay dyeing's nusli wadia) at the duncan dock in bombay harbour, which is still an active dry dock in the naval dockyard. the hms minden was the first ship from india that was commissioned into the royal navy, where she saw active service around the world, including during the war of 1812. she had a somewhat ignominious end, serving in hong kong as a seamen's hospital until she was declared too old for use and broken apart there. but the next time you hear the star spangled banner playing, you can remember her brief moment of fame and the connection she makes between theUSA'Snational anthem and MUMBAI CITY

TRAMS WERE POPULAR IN BOMBAY CALCUTTA AND KARACHI

Bombay single deck Tram

BOMBAY DOUBLE DECKER TRAM


 CALCUTTA TRAM


CALCUTTA TRAM

CALCUTTA TRAM

DELHI TRAM



DELHI TRAM



















KARACHI TRAM

OLDER TYPE -KARACHI


KARACHI

V.T.RAILWAY STATION BOMBAY 1880-before automobile(car) was discovered in 1888

A WAITER AT A LUXURY HOTEL BOMBAY ,INDIA 19 TH CENTURY

Now known as esplanade mansions is India's oldest surviving cast iron building,fabricated in England ,shipped to India,fabricated on site 1867 ,JOHN WATSON opened this whites only hotel with 130 guest rooms,bar,restaurant,employed English waitresses in ball room.famous guests included Mark twain.The first movie film by the Lumiere brothers in India was shown here ,seen only by white people.Rumours that industrialist TATA was denied entrance into the white only hotel and he retaliated by opening the TAJ hotel in 1903 .IN 1960 the building was sold to private owner and now in bad condition

BAÇAIM, BASSEIN, VASAI PORTUGESES FORT 1560 BOMBAY NOW IN RUINS

RUINS OF THE FORT AND CHURCH WAITING FOR RESTORATION
Baçaim (Vasai): fortified town ruins, town walls (1550-1582) with 10 bastions well preserved (ruins of : Nossa Senhora da Vida (1535), Franciscan Church and Convent of Santo Antonio, Augustinian Church and Convent, Jesuits Church and Convent (1561), Church and Convent of the Dominicans, Church Matriz of St. Jose (1546), Camara, Senado, Chapel of St. John Baptist), fortress or citadel of Sao Sebastiao (1536-1539).
The Jesuit Church is currently (1/2007) under renovation and will soon be the first complete church of Bassein.

BAÇAIM, BASSEIN, VASAI PORTUGESES FORT 1560 BOMBAY NOW IN RUINS

Interior of the Church of Nossa Senhora da Vida (1535), the oldest church of Baçaim. Vasai, Bassein, Baçaim.

BAÇAIM, BASSEIN, VASAI PORTUGESES FORT 1560 BOMBAY NOW IN RUINS

THE FACADE OF NOSSA SENORE DA VIDA THE OLDEST CHURCH IN BOMBAY BY PORTUGESE

BAÇAIM, BASSEIN, VASAI PORTUGESES FORT 1560 BOMBAY NOW IN RUINS

RUINS OF SANTO ANTONIO CHURCH OF (FRANCISCAN)

VASAI FORT NORTH BOMBAY,MADE BY PORTUGESE IN 1536

The Bandra Portugese Fort of 1600 in BOMBAY

1534, Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, who ruled over this area, ceded the coastal tract from Bombay to beyond Bassein, to the Portuguese. This included the island of Salsette, of which Bandra was part.

History

The Portuguese, who had established a base in the area in 1534 after defeating Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, built several sea forts along the western Indian coastline. Castella de Aguada was one such strategically located fort, overlooking the Mahim Bay to the south, the Arabian Sea to the west, the islands of Worli to the south and the town of Mahim to the south west. The fort also guarded the northern sea route into Mumbai Harbour This sea route, a large estuary, was later reclaimed from the sea in the nineteenth century. During the Portuguese rule, it was armed with seven cannons and other smaller guns as defence.^[3] A freshwater spring in the vicinity supplied potable water to passing ships, thus lending the fort its name.^[1]

After the decline of the Portuguese in the early 18th century, the Marathas became the largest threat to British possessions. Sensing an impending Portuguese defeat, the British partially demolished the fort as a precautionary measure. The demolition would obviate the possibility of the fort being captured by the Marathas, with the possibility of it being used as a forward military base to attack British Bombay.^[4]

In 1739 the island was invaded by the Marathas; it was ruled by them until 1761 when the British gained possession of the area during theFirst Anglo-Maratha War. In 1830, the British donated large parts ofSalsette Island, including Land's End, to Byramjee Jeejeebhoy, aParsi philanthropist. Jeejeeboy then established his residence on the hill where the fort is located, and the cape was renamed Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Point.^[5]

The first Parsi to arrive in Bombay was Dorabji Nanabhoy Patel in 1640

The Parsis, originally from Iran, migrated to India about 900 years ago. This they did to save their religion, Zoroastrianism, from invading Arabs who proselytized Islam. However, in 1689-90, when a severe plague had struck down most of the Europeans, the Siddi Chief of Janjira made several attempts to re-possess the islands by force, but the son of the former, a trader named Rustomji Dorabji Patel (1667-1763), successfully warded off the attacks on behalf of the British with the help of the 'Kolis', the original fisher-folk 

inhabitants of these islands. The remnants of the Koli settlements can still be seen at Backbay reclamation, Mahim, Bandra, Khar, Bassien and Madh island.

The Zoroastrian Towers of Silence on Malabar hill were built by Seth Modi Hirji Vachha in 1672.The first fire-temple was also built in the same year by Seth Vachha opposite his residence at Modikhana within the British fort. Both of the these structures can still be seen today although they have been expanded and strengthened.

versova

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In the 16th century

ersova

See also the document on the Northern Suburbs.

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In the 16th century Versova was a Portuguese port. Although small and narrow, the harbour was deemed attractive because of the depth, which allowed even very heavily loaded ships access to the docks.

In 1694 Arabs raiders from Muscat sacked the port and massacred all the inhabitants. The island remained in Portuguese possession till 1739, when the Marathas took control of it. Five years later, during the First Maratha War, the British won the island. Although they were forced to return all their mainland conquests through the Treaty of Salbai (1782), the British retained Versova. The island became a training ground for military cadets.

Further development took place only in the 1930's, when, along with Bandra and Juhu, Versova was declared a suburban district. Bungalows set in large open spaces were allowed to be built. The Seven Bungalows area of Versova takes its name from these long-vanished dwellings. was a Portuguese port. Although small and narrow, the harbour was deemed attractive because of the depth, which allowed even very heavily loaded ships access to the docks.

In 1694 Arabs raiders from Muscat sacked the port and massacred all the inhabitants. The island remained in Portuguese possession till 1739, when the Marathas took control of it. Five years later, during the First Maratha War, the British won the island. Although they were forced to return all their mainland conquests through the Treaty of Salbai (1782), the British retained Versova. The island became a training ground for military cadets.

Further development took place only in the 1930's, when, along with Bandra and Juhu, Versova was declared a suburban district. Bungalows set in large open spaces were allowed to be built. The Seven Bungalows area of Versova takes its name from these long-vanished dwellings.