BRITAIN started communal violence in Bombay 1893,
as part of their DIVIDE AND RULE POLICY OF INDIA
SCARED BY THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE1857,WHEN HINDU SOLDIERS MADE 'BAHADUR SHAH' A MUSLIM AS INDIAN EMPEROR ; THEY HAD DECIDED TO DIVIDE HINDUS AND MUSLIMS BY ANY MEANS
ACCORDING TO HISTORY TILL 1893 HINDUS USED TO PARTICIPATE IN MUSLIM FESTIVAL OF MOHURRAM.BRITISH INTERFERENCE AND MANIPULATION CAUSED FRICTION AND RIOT
Muharram procession in Bombay, c.1880.
For four days from August 11, 1893, members of the two communities went on a rampage, leaving some 80 people dead, 530 injured and 1505 arrested. Until then, Hindu-Muslim friction had not erupted into large-scale violence.
The ignition in the communally surcharged atmosphere, according to the then Governor of Bombay,[A LIE] "was provided by the resurgent propaganda by the cow protection societies"
http://www.bombay-book.htmlplanet.com/catalog.html
Tilak
and his followers sponsored a mass meeting in Pune on September 10, 1893, to discuss the riots. One week after the meeting, he launched the first modern Ganapati festival.
Prior to that year, many Hindus in Pune routinely joined the Muslims in their annual celebration of Mohurram (when the grandsons of Prophet Muhammad were honoured by constructing the replicas of their tombs and carrying them in a parade to the river).
Tilak declared that Hindus would no longer participate in Mohurram. He advocated for a separate festival of Ganapati that would have similar processions and passions.
BRITAIN GOT ITS WISH FULFILLED BY THE RIOTS
LATER WITH THE HELP OF JINNAH THEY DIVIDED INDIA AND MADE PAKISTAN IN 1947
THOUGH THEIR WISH TO FURTHER DIVIDE INDIA; HYDERABAD ,TRAVANCORE,KASHMIR ,JUNAGADH PRINCELY STATES AND ,MADRAS(TAMIL NADU) FROM A UNITED INDIA;AND TO DIVIDE INDIA ON CASTE BASIS WERE UNFULFILLED DUE TO STATESMAN SHIP OF VALLABHAI PATEL
AND NEHRU
AND MAHATMA GANDHI.
British India: "Just Rule" or "Divide and Rule"?
By James A. Frieden and Deborah Elliott.
The Western colonial empires justified their subjugation of the colonies through the concept of racial superiority and the doctrine of "The Just Rule." Imperialists claimed that because of the moral and technical superiority of the West it was preordained that Westerners would rule the less developed countries.
Racial Superiority
The ultimate goal of colonialism, according to its proponents, was to lift the "natives" out of savagery. Brigadier General John Jacob in the early 1800s explained it this way:
"We hold India, then, by being in reality, as in reputation, a superior race to the Asiatic; and if this natural superiority did not exist, we should not, and could not, retain the country for one week. If then, we are really a morally superior race, governed by higher motives and possessing higher attributes than the Asiatics, the more the natives of India are able to understand us, and the more we improve their capacity for so understanding, the firmer will become our power. Away, then with the assumption of equality; and let us accept our true position of a dominant race. So placed, let us establish our rule by setting them a high example, by making them feel the value of truth and honesty, and by raising their moral and intellectual powers."
The poet Rudyard Kipling, a great apologist for British imperialism, put it this way:
White Man's Burden
Take up the White Man's Burden-
Send forth the best ye breed-
Go bind your sons in exile
To serve your captive's need;
To wait in heavy harness
On fluttered folk and wild-
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child
Take up the White Man's Burden
And reap his old reward
The blame of those ye better,
The hate of those ye guard-
The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-
"Why brought ye us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night."
The Economics of Empire
The British began trading with India in 1600 focusing on cotton, indigo, pepper, yarn, sugar, silk and other commodities. At that time, India was ruled by a decaying Moslem empire. British relations with India for 250 years were governed by the British East India Company. In 1750, there was a report that rebellious "natives" in Calcutta had placed British citizens in an airless prison. Robert Clive, a clerk for the British East India Company, mobilized British soldiers to avenge the "Black Hole of Calcutta." He went on to seize the province of Bengal. Over the next 150 years the British accumulated power in state after state. After a rebellion in 1857, the British Parliament incorporated India into the British Empire and ruled it directly. The British were able to conquer India for a number of reasons including: the decline of the Mughal Empire, better weapons, discipline and esprit de corps of the British army, and the British monopoly of sea power.
The reality of British imperial policy was much different than the theory of "The Just Rule." The economy of India was made subject to the needs of the British economy. For example, Indian roads and railway were developed so that raw materials needed by British factories could be more easily taken from the country and so that expensive finished goods from England could be conveniently distributed.
Wealth was systematically drained from India through confiscatory taxes and economic subjugation. British taxes forced peasants to borrow money at high interest rates from money lenders and landlords, virtually enslaving families for generations. Industry was discouraged by Britain's policy of one-way free trade. Europeans were favored for all government jobs.
The British maintained their power by pitting Hindu against Moslem in a policy called "divide and rule." This policy exacerbated tensions between the religious factions in India and contributed to decades of communal strife, countless deaths and the eventual partition of India into two separate countries, India and Pakistan.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HISTORY
as part of their DIVIDE AND RULE POLICY OF INDIA
SCARED BY THE FIRST WAR OF INDEPENDENCE1857,WHEN HINDU SOLDIERS MADE 'BAHADUR SHAH' A MUSLIM AS INDIAN EMPEROR ; THEY HAD DECIDED TO DIVIDE HINDUS AND MUSLIMS BY ANY MEANS
India's First War of Independence 1857 - YouTube
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DGdryYmuXM
Aug 16, 2010 - Uploaded by IndiaTV
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the British East India Company's army on 10 ...Bahadur Shah: The last Mughal Emperor of India
www.bl.uk › ... › Asia: Prints, Drawings and PhotographsPortrait of Bahadur Shah, the last Mughal Emperor of India, painted in around 1840. His reign began in 1837 and ended after the events of the Indian Uprising in ...
Tragedy & humiliation: Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah ...
articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com › Collections › JourneyJun 18, 2013 - NEW DELHI: Frail and gaunt, Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar gave himself up to the British at Humayun's Tomb at the end of a tense day on ...
Viceroy Lord Curzon
had expressed it
clearly in 1901, “As long as we rule India, we are the greatest power in
the world. If we lose it we shall drop straightway to a third rate
power”. Quite early, British realized that as long as they adroitly
exploited the religious, linguistic and historical divisions that marked
Indian society they were relatively safe.
British rulers were clear and firm about their aims and objectives. British Rulers inflamed the differences,
that were already existent in the society because of the diverse
backgrounds of its people. They established their Empire in India by
playing off one part against the other.
'Divide and rule policy” in India before and after the ...
latasinha.wordpress.com/2012/07/15/2479/
Jul 15, 2012 - British rulers adopted the policy of “Divide and rule”. ... The British Government did the job of disintegrating the Indian society in 3 stages: -.
ACCORDING TO HISTORY TILL 1893 HINDUS USED TO PARTICIPATE IN MUSLIM FESTIVAL OF MOHURRAM.BRITISH INTERFERENCE AND MANIPULATION CAUSED FRICTION AND RIOT
Muharram procession in Bombay, c.1880.
For four days from August 11, 1893, members of the two communities went on a rampage, leaving some 80 people dead, 530 injured and 1505 arrested. Until then, Hindu-Muslim friction had not erupted into large-scale violence.
The ignition in the communally surcharged atmosphere, according to the then Governor of Bombay,[A LIE] "was provided by the resurgent propaganda by the cow protection societies"
http://www.bombay-book.htmlplanet.com/catalog.html
Tilak
and his followers sponsored a mass meeting in Pune on September 10, 1893, to discuss the riots. One week after the meeting, he launched the first modern Ganapati festival.
Prior to that year, many Hindus in Pune routinely joined the Muslims in their annual celebration of Mohurram (when the grandsons of Prophet Muhammad were honoured by constructing the replicas of their tombs and carrying them in a parade to the river).
Tilak declared that Hindus would no longer participate in Mohurram. He advocated for a separate festival of Ganapati that would have similar processions and passions.
BRITAIN GOT ITS WISH FULFILLED BY THE RIOTS
LATER WITH THE HELP OF JINNAH THEY DIVIDED INDIA AND MADE PAKISTAN IN 1947
THOUGH THEIR WISH TO FURTHER DIVIDE INDIA; HYDERABAD ,TRAVANCORE,KASHMIR ,JUNAGADH PRINCELY STATES AND ,MADRAS(TAMIL NADU) FROM A UNITED INDIA;AND TO DIVIDE INDIA ON CASTE BASIS WERE UNFULFILLED DUE TO STATESMAN SHIP OF VALLABHAI PATEL
AND NEHRU AND MAHATMA GANDHI.
January 8, 1940 Periyar Ramaswami Naicker of Justice Party[MADRAS(TAMIL NADU) with Jinnah and Ambedkar
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gandhi begins fast in protest of caste separation — History ...
www.history.com/.../gandhi-begins-fast-in-protest-o...
On this day in 1932, in his cell at Yerovda Jail near Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi begins a hunger ...British India: "Just Rule" or "Divide and Rule"?
By James A. Frieden and Deborah Elliott.
The Western colonial empires justified their subjugation of the colonies through the concept of racial superiority and the doctrine of "The Just Rule." Imperialists claimed that because of the moral and technical superiority of the West it was preordained that Westerners would rule the less developed countries.
Racial Superiority
The ultimate goal of colonialism, according to its proponents, was to lift the "natives" out of savagery. Brigadier General John Jacob in the early 1800s explained it this way:
"We hold India, then, by being in reality, as in reputation, a superior race to the Asiatic; and if this natural superiority did not exist, we should not, and could not, retain the country for one week. If then, we are really a morally superior race, governed by higher motives and possessing higher attributes than the Asiatics, the more the natives of India are able to understand us, and the more we improve their capacity for so understanding, the firmer will become our power. Away, then with the assumption of equality; and let us accept our true position of a dominant race. So placed, let us establish our rule by setting them a high example, by making them feel the value of truth and honesty, and by raising their moral and intellectual powers."
The poet Rudyard Kipling, a great apologist for British imperialism, put it this way:
White Man's Burden
Take up the White Man's Burden-
Send forth the best ye breed-
Go bind your sons in exile
To serve your captive's need;
To wait in heavy harness
On fluttered folk and wild-
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half devil and half child
Take up the White Man's Burden
And reap his old reward
The blame of those ye better,
The hate of those ye guard-
The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-
"Why brought ye us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night."
The Economics of Empire
The British began trading with India in 1600 focusing on cotton, indigo, pepper, yarn, sugar, silk and other commodities. At that time, India was ruled by a decaying Moslem empire. British relations with India for 250 years were governed by the British East India Company. In 1750, there was a report that rebellious "natives" in Calcutta had placed British citizens in an airless prison. Robert Clive, a clerk for the British East India Company, mobilized British soldiers to avenge the "Black Hole of Calcutta." He went on to seize the province of Bengal. Over the next 150 years the British accumulated power in state after state. After a rebellion in 1857, the British Parliament incorporated India into the British Empire and ruled it directly. The British were able to conquer India for a number of reasons including: the decline of the Mughal Empire, better weapons, discipline and esprit de corps of the British army, and the British monopoly of sea power.
The reality of British imperial policy was much different than the theory of "The Just Rule." The economy of India was made subject to the needs of the British economy. For example, Indian roads and railway were developed so that raw materials needed by British factories could be more easily taken from the country and so that expensive finished goods from England could be conveniently distributed.
Wealth was systematically drained from India through confiscatory taxes and economic subjugation. British taxes forced peasants to borrow money at high interest rates from money lenders and landlords, virtually enslaving families for generations. Industry was discouraged by Britain's policy of one-way free trade. Europeans were favored for all government jobs.
The British maintained their power by pitting Hindu against Moslem in a policy called "divide and rule." This policy exacerbated tensions between the religious factions in India and contributed to decades of communal strife, countless deaths and the eventual partition of India into two separate countries, India and Pakistan.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HISTORY
Chapter 14 A MINI PAKISTAN AVERTED IN SOUTH INDIA ...
www.pranseth.com/Home/chapter-14
Later, the King conferred on him another title in an autographed letter – 'The ... Major shops tried
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_integration_of_Junagadh
Junagadh was a princely state of India, located in what is now Gujarat, outside ... to either join the new Dominion of India or the newly formed state of Pakistan or to ... The Nawab acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan on 15 September 1947, ...
Background - Instrument of accession - Menon's reaction
Rediff On The NeT: Travancore did not want to accede to ...
m.rediff.com/news/oct/18queen.htm
Swati Thirunal Lakshmi Bai, princess of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom, finds ... "We in Kerala have never felt that it was a mistake to become part of the ... princess is retrospectively trying to justify the stand taken by the former king on ... of Independence and the formation of a national government centered in New Delhi.Sir. CP Ramaswamy Iyer - Dewan of Travancore / Random ...
nebugeorge.blogspot.com/2009/.../sir-cp-ramaswamy-iyer-dewan-of.htm...
Oct 9, 2009 - C.P. cursed this state for having tried to kill him. ... I also appreciated his call for independent Travancore (for which the State Congress .... have let the KErala being a independent nation instead of licking the feet of Indian Masters. .... were destroyed by Travancore kings who levied huge taxes on this areas.What If The South Seceded From The Republic Of India?
www.ibtimes.com/dravida-nadu-what-if-south-seceded-republic...Oct 3, 2013 - The southern part of India is widely regarded as the most progressive ... by Muslims who did not want to live in a Hindu-dominated post-British India. .... Spearheaded by the Justice Party of E.V. Ramasamy and the Dravida ...
Separatist movements of India - Wikipedia, the free ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_IndiaSome state movements seek secession from India itself and the formation of a ... The movement featured non-violent political activism by the Justice Party and the .... The NLFT manifesto says that they want to expand what they describe as the ...Dravida Nadu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_NaduThe characteristics of the separate Dravida Nadu was described by Periyar as: the area ... In 1940, the South Indian Liberal Federation (Justice Party) passed a...
The battle for a secular India | Heinrich Böll Foundation
www.boell.de/en/2014/02/26/battle-secular-india
Feb 26, 2014 - The All India Muslim League was formed in 1906 as a counter to the ... The RSS, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Muslim League were both ..A Comprehensive History of India
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=8120725069
2003 - India
securing the Muslim League's support for the demand of selfgovernment, ... Among the Hindus, the Hindu Mahasabha, formed in 1915 and dormant so far, became live. ... formed another organisation, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (Modern Indian History - Page 9-14 - Google Books Result
books.google.co.in/books?isbn=0070660301
Muslim League succeeded in weakening the position of Fazlul Haque. ... The Hindu Mahasabha was formed at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela in 1915 by Madan ... It was directly linked with Rashtriya Swayam Sewak Sangh (RSS) formed in 1925When Hindu Mahasabha Entered into Alliance with the ...
indiaopines.com › Politics
Oct 8, 2013 - The strategy of the Hindu Mahasabha and the Muslim League was to ... it also proceeded to form coalition ministries with the Muslim League ...League, Jinnah and the Hindu Mahasabha: A Study in
pu.edu.pk/images/journal/.../qalb-i-abid%20and%20massarrat%20abid.p...
A brief history of. Hindu Mahasabha is that Hindu Sabha's sprang up in Lahore in ...... war several attempts were made by the Muslim League to come to an agreement ... Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamasevak Sangh (RSS) had intensified ...Round Table India - Dr. Ambedkar
roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view...
The basis of these communities is not racial. ... of Gandhi, Round Table Conferences, Poona Pact and how political independence was obtained. ... was staked to courses at the University of London and Columbia University by the highly democratic Gaekwar of Baroda. ... The genius of caste is to divide and to disintegrate.
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BRITAIN SUCCEEDED IN DIVIDING INDIA TO MAKE PAKISTAN; BUT THEY LEFT SOME PARTIES FORMED UNDER DIVIDE AND RULE POLICY IN 1910 TO 1940 PERIOD TO REMAIN IN FREE INDIA ,AS THEIR ILLEGAL CHILDREN TO CAUSE FURTHER COMMUNAL TROUBLES FROM 1947 TILL TODAY ;AS CAN BE SEEN IN EVERYDAY NEWS NOW
HOPE SUCH REMAINING PARTIES WILL ACT IN A MATURE MANNER INSTEAD OF TALKING OF HINDU VS MUSLIM AS DESIRED BY BRITISH .
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