BFILord Lytton takes up the post of Governor of Bengal. Victor Bulwer-Lytton was the ultimate product of British India: born in Simla, ...
I SAW IT HAPPENING 1947 -2019 -SO I WROTE THIS BLOG=can call this a first hand or ring side or live unfolding of events " ................................................................................................................
HOW INDIA PROGRESSED FROM ONE AMONG THE POOREST 10 NATIONS TO ONE AMONG
THE RICHEST 10 NATIONS IN 50 YEARS TIME ;AND NOW AIMING TO BE THE FIRST
NATION OF THE WORLD IN ANOTHER 50 YEARS OF TIME
-When
India gained its independence after a long period of subjugation, its
land and people were a picture of distress, removed from great events
of its past glory and splendor.
A whole creative side of Indian civilisation had shrunk under the foreign rule . Common man, burdened by poverty, hunger and ignorance, had lost the will to exercise its productive might. Out of the dust, they had to be raised by men of great vision,
like Gandhi and Nehru. In his memorable speech, delivered to the
Constituent Assembly on 14th. August, 1947, Nehru said : "The future is
not all of ease and resting, but of incessant striving…"
India was a stagnant economy at the time of independence. The economy was predominantly agrarian with little industrial
development. Most people lived in villages, in hunger and despair.
Bullock carts, wooden ploughs,
spinning wheels and thatched huts - life made of small things, unimaginatively hard, dull and cruel.
Agricultural growth was around 0.3% per annum in the first half of this century. The colonial government took
little interest in the improvement of cultivation practices, except in
the case of export crops like cotton, jute and tea.
The railway system was built only for connecting the ports with the export production centres and the import markets;all other infrastructural facilities were lacking. https://youtu.be/MwpaXBguDlw?t=128=Trains till 1975'S
Vallabhbhai patel got his
first opportunity to utilize Gandhiji's philosophy of satyagraha in 1918
for the farmers of Kaira who had lost their crops to heavy rains and floods
that year. The government disregarded the farmers' misery and insisted
on collecting land revenue. Vallabhbhai organized the No Tax campaign on
peaceful, Gandhian lines. The government held out and began confiscating
land and what little crops and cattle the farmers still had. Vallabhbhai,
now decked in a dhoti, kurta and cap urged the farmers not to buckle. The
government eventually relented and returned the confiscated property. This
was the first victory of satyagraha for Vallabhbhai. He was jubilant.
In 1928, Vallabhbhai patel
once again came to the rescue of the farmers, this time it was in Bardoli,
which was then a part of Surat district. The Government increased the tax
on the land. Vallabhbhai urged the farmers not to pay, declaring the hike
unjust. He prepared the farmers for satyagraha. The farmers refused to
pay the tax hike. In retaliation, the Government confiscated their land,
cattle and crops and arrested hundreds of farmers. There was a mass exodus
from Bardoli to escape the Government's atrocities. The farmers that remained
continued the satyagraha. Vallabhbhai told the
farmers not to sell milk, vegetables and necessities to any person unless
they produced a chit assigned by the local satyagraha committee. The "peaceful"
war raged for six months. Finally Vithalbhai, Vallabhbhai's brother, who
was President of the Central Legislative Assembly, brokered a comprise.
The Government agreed to hold an inquiry into the justification of the
tax hike, released the satyagrahis and returned all confiscated items back
to the farmers. So pleased was Gandhiji with Vallabhbhai's effort that
he gave him the title of "Sardar" or leader. Local enterprise was confined largely to trade and commerce, mainly
in and around port cities like Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.
A few industrial centres grew around these cities through private entrepreneurship. There had been an adverse impact on the artisan sector under British rule. The old crafts were left to languish and decay - ill prepared to modernise. Large factories, few in number, produced mainly consumer goods, like textiles
and sugar. Intermediates likesteel, cement and jute machinery were mostly imported. The extremely narrow base of industrialisation remained confined to
a very few cities and states and was the monopoly of a few privileged
families.
The export strategy was not conducive to the country's interests. Exports were seen as a mechanism
to transfer raw materials cheaply to the metropolitan cities in the
United Kingdom, which, in turn, processed them into final goods for
exporting back to the colonies. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- INDIA -THE BRITISH LEGACY
Railways in India were privately owned by
public limited companies incorporated in England, whose shares were
quoted and traded on the London Stock Exchange.[another way to make money by the colonial ruler] Only after India became
free in August 1947 railways came to be nationalised.
India's industrial output was25% of worlds
industrial output in 1770 AD. When British left after 200 years of
various form of rule India had 0.1% of worlds industrial output2)
Literacy was left at 13% and 3) Average life expectancy of Indians was
brought to measly 37 years AGRICULTURE WAS TAXED VERY HEAVY:-LEADING TO BARDOLI AGITATION UNDER SARDAR PATEL AND MAHATMA GANDHI :-Patel a brilliant lawyer proved to be an excellent organizer. He instructed the peasants not to pay a twenty-two percent increase in taxes levied by the British Government.
British
thought of increasing tax for agriculturists as there was nothing else
to tax!! no industry;nothing else to tax after 200 years of loot rule
The
British Government confiscated movable property in retaliation. Pots,
pans, livestock, carts and horses were taken away from the peasants. The
peasants remained non-violent.
Patel
asked the peasants to dismantle the carts in order to increase the
difficulty of government officials. Accordingly, wheels were removed and
the shafts were hidden. The officials were not impeded in any other
way.
All
of India keenly observed the events taking place in Bardoli.
Contribution of funds poured in to help maintain the struggle. Some
wanted Gandhi to expand the movement to other provinces. Gandhi resisted
any such move. The civil resistors in Bardoli were well organized by
Patel and were well disciplined. The population of Bardoli, which was
under one hundred thousand, was also manageable. Gandhi did not want to
risk degeneration into violence by expanding the struggle to other
places with larger populations who were less organized and disciplined.
The
British government of India came under pressure from London to crush
the movement. In an effort to do so the Government stated that they had
auctioned some seized lands and threatened to sell the remainder if
taxes were not paid. However it had no effect. The peasants would not
submit.
Finally,
in a desperate move the Government arrested Patel. Gandhi replaced him
as the leader and moved into Bardoli. A few days later the Government
capitulated.
In
an agreement with Patel the Government promised to cancel the increase
in taxes and return all the confiscated property. Patel on behalf of the
peasants agreed to pay taxes at the old rates.
In
Bardoli Gandhi demonstrated to the British Government and to the Indian
people that the method of non-violent civil disobedience was effective.
He proved that the British Government could be successfully defied. The
British Government would have realized that from henceforth it would be
difficult to govern India without the consent of the people. They could
no longer act with impunity.
India had 30crore (300mn) population, with an average longivity of 32 years (with between 17.5 to 19.0% infantile mortality)
There were just 360,000 income-tax payers in 1947
Only13% of Indians were literate (literacy rate among women was 9%)
83%
of Indians lived in villages, and 70% depended on agriculture... 28%
were landless labours (this, as one would notice, has not changed much)
70% of cultivated land was owned by a handful of zamindars and money-lenders.
We were
producing 52 million tonnes in 1950-51 and are today producing 257
million tonnesFrom a food
importing country we are now exporting, though it is also a fact that a
large number of population is not fed, whereas godowns are full.
Only 3% of India's workforce (less than 9mn) was employed in manufacturing sector.
Jute and cotton industry accounted for 30% of the total industrial employment (and about 55% of value-added to manufacturing)
Indian farmers owned 0.9mn iron plough, and 31.3mn wooden plough.
Across the total population, even in 1950-51, there were just about 168,000 telephones.
Only 27% of cultivated land was irrigated.
In 1951, there were just 37,000 towns and villages (out of around 5,000 cities and 500,000 villages) with electricity
There were 9 agricultural colleges with around 3,000 students.
There were just 10 medical colleges that turned out about 700 doctors
every years. In 1951 census, India had about 18,000 doctors... We also
had 1,900 hospitals and 6,500 dispensaries, accounting for around 1.2lac
(.12mn beds) - for a population of 300mn.
There were a total of 7 engineering colleges, with around 2,200 students.
In
1950, India produced 7 locomotives, 1mn tons of steel, 99,000 bicycles,
33mn tons of coal, 2.7mn tons of cement, 33,000 sewing machines,
India had a total number of 27 universities/colleges in 1950.
The total number of enrollment of students from primary to pre-degree education, in 1950-51, was less than 25mn.
There were around 6,500 newspapers and periodicals (nationals and vernacular) and 26 radio centers.
Even as late as 1955, India had just about 790,000 engineering degree/diploma holders.
There were a total of 1125 companies listed on the stock exchange (there were only two of them - Bombay and Calcutta)
India hardly had any large-scale industry in 1947, which could process
the raw-material into finished usable goods. There were a few industries
in the cotton, jute, sugar, matches, and steel sectors, etc. - but they
were too few to really service the country's needs. About 65-70% of
India's less-than-Rs.600cr export consisted of raw material (cotton,
oilseeds, minerals and ores, tobacco, etc.); around the same proportion
of its imports were finished goods (ranging from biscuits, sewing
needles, cloth etc., to dress-material, medicines to machines-tools). In
fact, even in 1950, India was importing 90% of its requirement of
machine tools.
Indian Railway system too suffered from this approach. Especially after WWI, the Great Depression and the currency crisis, starved of investments and renewal, Indian railways suffered.
During WW2, nearly 40% rolling stock from India was diverted to the Middle East.
More than 50% of the track system was the outdated metre gauge and
narrow gauge. Track systems were nearly a century old. 40% of the
railway system went to Pakistan. 32 of the forty-two separate railway
systems operating in India, were owned by the former Indian princely
states. More than 8000 outdated steam engines were used as motive power –
and less than 20 diesel locomotives were in use. Apart from elephants
and people – called as ‘hand-shunting’ in Indian Railways lingo.
So much for the British gift of railways to India.
NAPOLEON CALLED ENGLAND
AS THE "SHOP KEEPER OF THE WORLD"-[PROFIT FIRST PROFIT LAST WAS
THEIRMOTTO; TILL THEY LEFT INDIA IN 1947]
The railways run by
the Indian princely states became party to the collusive price fixing
systems. Like this extract (linked to the right) shows, all the business
went to the British engineering yards. To this add the guaranteed
returns systems, and what was achieved was something else.
“The
guarantee system did not encourage cost control, and, at an
average cost of BP18,000 per mile, the Indian railways were some of the
costliest in the world. Starved of investments and maintenance, the railways infrastructure at the time of British departure was crumbling
In 1952, it was decided that IIIrd class passengers deserved fans and light. It took another 7 years to implement this decision. Elephants used for shunting wagons,
box-cars, finally got a respite after WDS-4B shunters were
introduced by Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in 1969. In the 1977,3rd
class railway travel was abolished. Wooden-slat seats were abolished.
Cushioned 2nd class seating system was made minimum and standard. It
took India 40 years, to modernize the colonial railway system, we should be thankful. Remember, they could have uprooted the rails, and taken away the wagons and engines. After all, Indian Railways was the biggest scrap iron collection in the world at that time.
India
began with an extremely low tax base as well as low income at
Independence. This meant that the available revenues were small.
Providing for public investment in industry, agriculture,
infrastructure, defence and administration left meagre revenues for
investment in education and health. Therefore, the option was to either
settle for slow progress all around or pursue growth-friendly Track-I
policies that would allow rapid expansion of incomes and revenues.
Our tragedy was that, unlike South Korea and Taiwan, which foresaw the
importance of Track-I reforms as early as the late 1950s and early
1960s, we went in the opposite direction and progressively slid into a
command and control system. The result was slow growth as well as slow
progress in education and health.
But when we eventually
accepted the lesson of history beginning in 1991, the results were
spectacular: growth accelerated and social spending rose as well. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- On Nov. 26th 1947, RK Shanmukham Chetty, India’s
first Finance Minister presented the first budget. It covered only 7 and half months from Aug
15th the day of Independence
to March 31, 1948. Though New Delhi could have
authorized the expenditure for the part of the financial year, a budget was
indeed presented in the Parliament and approved. Understand that the Budget Estimate for
total revenues was Rs 171.15 crore; of which notably, Rs 15.9 crore was to come
from the Posts and Telegraphs Department. It was to be a deficit budget of
26.24 crores. The first budget of the Republic of India was presented by John Mathai on
Feb 28, 1950. This budget laid down the
roadmap for the creation of the Planning Commission. The Commission was
entrusted with the responsibility of formulating phased plans for effective and
balanced use of resources.
14-Aug-2017 — As the Indian subcontinent was divided in 1947, the Reserve Bank of India ... Not only did the RBI have to assist in deciding how its profits, assets and ... the time of the Partition were a little under Rs 400 crore and Pakistan's share ... of Rs 5 crore, payment of the remaining cash balance “appeared to be very ...
The matter regarding release of Rs. 55 crores to Pakistan towards the second ... support of the Pakistani Army took place before the second installment was paid. ... However, linking his stand in this matter with his fast he undertook, as you will ... The press release Of the government of India did not have any mention thereof.
22-Mar-2015 — So,
in lieu of taking those things one country has to give Price of that
thing to the other country. In that respect Single-Single drops make
Ocean. So, Pakistan was ...
15 answers · 28 votes: This is a good question, in all the other question related to Nehru and Patel, they are shown ...
Story did not explain 300 crore debt, I know that great Gandhi took stand to pay 55 crore to Pakistan at that ==================================== 2-WHEN INDIAN P.M. SHASTRI HAD TO BORROW MONEY FROM KING OF HYDERABAD
11-Nov-2018 — The Prime Minister was touring the country to raise funds to steady the post-war ... The Prime Minister, Mr. Lal Bahadur Shastri and the Nizam of Hyderabad ... at the airport when the ageing ex-ruler came to greet India's Prime Minister. ... The October 1965 National Defence Gold Bonds had the additional ...
24-Nov-2019 — This ends an interesting chapter about the annexation of Hyderabad State ... of India branch in London in October 1947 at the instance of Nawab ... On January 3, 1962, the Nizam wrote to Home Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri proposing a ... the Nizam wrote to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, stating that he had ...
===========================================
3-
In order to conserve foreign exchange, the Government decided to stop importing gold with effect from October 1,1990, and asked the SBI to use confiscated gold lying in the government mint for use by jewellery exporters.04-Sep-2013
05-Apr-2017 — In July 1991, the RBI pledged 46.91 tonnes of gold with the Bank of ... India had managed to get a bit of a breather with the first tranche of $755 ...
National sentiments were outraged and there was public outcry when it was learned that the government had pledged the country's entire gold reserves against ...
05-Jul-2017 — MUMBAI: Many now know the foreign exchange crisis India went through in the late 80s and early 90s which led to the shameful act of the government pledging its gold reserves to avoid default on overseas payment obligations.
21-Jul-2016 — By June 1991, India had less than $1 billion foreign reserves, just ... by the oil shock of 1990-91, meant India was suddenly paying more for fuel ... India did not have enough forex to conduct business with the rest of the world.
16-Jun-2020 — India's forex reserves have seen many ups and downs over the years ... forex reserves are not immediately in focus as India does not face an ...
............................................................................................................................... { IN 1947 IF ONE WANTED TO BUY ESSENTIALS LIKE PENCIL ,PEN OR CUPS AND PLATES IT WAS MOSTLY FOREIGN MADE AVAILABLE .
PENCILS WERE IMPORTED FROM GERMANY BY 'STAEDTLER' COMPANY WHILE PENS WERE MADE IN U.S.A. --'SWAN' PENS. CUP AND PLATES-MOSTLY ENGLISH MADE WERE AVAILABLE AT THE CORNER STORE .ALL MEDICINES WERE IMPORTED.
3 hours ago — Not an agronomist or meteorologist but someone with knowledge of the fountain pen industry.
VEHICLES(INCLUDING CYCLES!) Raleigh advert from 1940. WERE IMPORTED [EXCEPT INDIAN MADE BULLOCK CARTS !].EVEN PINS AND SAFETY PINS WERE MADE OUTSIDE INDIA .
this
song made at that time shows it all;shoe from japan,dress from england
;hat from russi(Russia);Then imports were cut down drastically and MAKE IN INDIA was made the policy
;IT WAS AN EVENT AS UNBELIEVABLE AS MAN'S FIRST FLIGHT TO MOON!!THE
PRICE OF A NEW HINDUSTAN CAR WAS 8500/RUPEES[ABOUT $130] BUT MOST COULD
NOT AFFORD TO BUY IT [SALARY OF A PEON 50-100RS;LOWER CLERK 100-300
;UPPER CLERK 200 500 ;AND HIGHER OFFICERS 500 TO 1000/MONTH];I.C.S(LATER
NAMED I.A.S) OFFICER SALARY WAS 5000/AND UPWARDS [never heard of
corruption among I.C.S. officers and higher echelon officers then; as
opposed to the present condition in INDIA] Social indicators were equally poor; illiteracy was as high as 84%;
public health services were
inadequate to face even epidemics such as influenza, malaria and
cholera. Some efforts were made by the state to prevent epidemics like
malaria which continued to revisit again and again.
The mortality rate remained high at around 27 per thousand in 1947.Children cried for milk but mothers could not feed them. Famines devastated human lives, adding to the interminable misery in a barren wasteland. IT WAS COMMON THOSE DAYS TO SEE ;STARVING PEOPLE
The first task of
the Indian Government, in the immediate post-independence period, was
to improve the material and human conditions of life by motivating
rapid growth in a stagnant economy and to set the country on a path
for higher growth with social justice
India initiated planning for national economic development with the establishment of the Planning Commission, in 1950.
The aim of the First Five Year Plan (1950-56) was to raise domestic savings for growth and helpthe economy resurrect itself from the twisted wreckage cause by colonial exploitation and the aftermath of Partition
The real break with the past in planning came with the Second Five Year Plan, celebrated as the Nehru-Mahalanobis Plan).
The industrialisation strategy, articulated by Professor
Mahalanobis, placed emphasis on the development of heavy industries and
envisaged a dominant role for the public sector in the economy. The
entrepreneurial role of the state was evoked to develop the industrial
sector.
Commanding heights of economy were entrusted to the public sector.
In brief, the emphasis of the first three Five Year Plans,
was on economic growth with marginal stress on institutional changes
like land reforms. The objectives of industrial policy were :-
a high growth rate, national self-reliance, reduction of foreign
dominance, building up of indigenous capacity, encouraging small-scale
industry, bringing about balanced regional development, prevention of
concentration of economic power, reduction of income inequalities and
control of the economy by the state
. first 5 Year Plan in India (1951 – 56){TOTAL AMOUNT ALLOTED 2400 CRORE RUPEES} in 1950. The aim of the First Five Year Plan (1950-56) was to raise domestic savings for growth and help the economy resurrect itself from the twisted wreckage cause by colonial exploitation and the aftermath of Partition.
It was based on Harrod – Domar Model.
Community Development Program was launched in 1952.
Two – fold objectives were there :
To correct the disequilibrium in the economy caused by 3 main
problems – influx of refugees, severe food shortage and mounting
inflation.
To initiate a process of all – round balanced development to ensure a
rising national income and a steady improvement in living standards.
Emphasized on Agriculture, Price Stability, Power and Transport.
It was more than a success, because of good harvests in the last two Years.
Second Five Year Plan of India (1956 – 61){TOTAL AMOUNT ALLOTTED 4800 CRORE RUPEES} The real break with the past in planning came with the Second Five
Year Plan, celebrated as the Nehru-Mahalanobis Plan). The
industrialisation strategy, articulated by Professor Mahalanobis,
placed emphasis on the development of heavy industries and envisaged a
dominant role for the public sector in the economy. The entrepreneurial
role of the state was evoked to develop the industrial sector.
Commanding heights of economy were entrusted to the public sector.
Also called ‘Mahalanobis Plan’ after its chief architect PC Mahalanobis. It was based on 1928 Soviet Model of Feldman.
Its emphasis was on economic stability. Agriculture target fixed in
the first plan was almost achieved. Consequently, the agriculture
sector got low priority in the second five Year plan.
Its objective was Rapid Industrialization, particularly basic and
heavy industries such as iron and steel, heavy chemicals like
nitrogenous fertilizers, heavy engineering and machine building
industry.
Besides, the Industrial Policy of 1956 emphasized the role of Public
Sector and accepted the establishment of a socialistic pattern of the
society as the goal of economic policy.
Advocated huge imports which led to emptying of funds leading to
foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry
far too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30%, against a
decline of 13% during the First Plan.
Hindustan Aircraft Factory Here
is the collection of some of the photos of Goa during pre-liberation
days. Photos shows the Portuguese troops, their trainings, preparation
to fight against the Indian army, freedom movement and demonstration by
Goan Freedom fighters and Goan Satyagrahis.
.
Photo Courtesy: LIFE Magazine.
Wait for Album to Load
Portuguese army in Goa arresting indian freedom fighters 1960s
Prime-Minster Nehru vists INS Delhi before her voyage to Arabian sea.
According to Indian intel the Portuguese have the naval defense of Goa,
deployed four frigates each equipped with three 120mm guns and four
multiple pompoms (automatic rapid firing guns), which patrolled the sea
areas of all three enclaves. These ships were Afonso de Albuquerque,
Bartholomeu Dias, Gonsalves Zarco and Joao de Lisboa.
Brigadier Sagat Singh of India's Maroon Beret Parachute regiment accepts the surrender of Portuguese forces at a military camp in Bambolim.
The
Indian Chief of Army Staff, Gen. Pran Thapar (far right) with deposed
Governor General of Portuguese India Manuel António Vassalo e Silva
(seated centre) at a POW facility in Vasco Da Gama, Goa
1961Enthusiastic Goans cheering the victorious Indian soldiers at the conclusion of the war.
The longest reigning colonial power, the Portuguese had held Goa for 451 years until India wrested it back on December 19, 1961.
06-Oct-2015 — In India, ISRO equals space travel, and I've always wondered how we ... On the evening of 21 November 1962, the first rocket blasted off ...
Dr. Sarabhai was considered as the Father of the Indian space program; He was a ... flight was launched on November 21, 1963 with a sodium vapour payload.
Of course, the third stage of nuclear power program envisages large scale power production from thorium, AHWR will provide enough experience for handling, .. ========================
We (TIFR Automatic Calculator, TIFRAC, team) were inspired bythe
computer that was built at the University of Illinois, the Illiac
computer. ... I remember the time when the first program ran in our
computer…The jubilation that the TIFRAC and Apsara teams felt, is
comparable to the time when Apsara went critical.1 day ago
Third Five Year Plan in India (1961 – 66){TOTAL AMOUNT ALLOTTED ABOUT 10000 CRORE RUPEES}
At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a
take – off stage. Therefore, its aim was to make India a ‘Self –
Reliant’ and ‘Self – Generating’ Economy.
Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that
agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirements
of export and industry.
The other objectives of the plan included the expansion of basic
industries, optimum utilisation of country’s Labor power and reducing
the inequalities of income and wealth.
Relied heavily on foreign aid (IMF).
Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, :----
Nehru, the architect of the Hindi-Chini bhai bhai
festivity, had gone out of his way to propitiate communist China,
accepting even the Chinese annexation of Tibet in a 1954 agreement
without settling the Indo-Tibetan border. While Nehru thought he had
bought peace with China by accepting Chinese rule over Tibet on the
basis of his doctrine of panchshila, or the five principles of
peaceful co-existence, Mao and his team read this both as a sign of
India’s weakness and a licence to encroach on strategically important
areas of Ladakh.
It
was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962. A disputed
Himalayan border was the main pretext for war, but other issues played a
role. There had been a series of violent border incidents after the 1959 Tibetan uprising,
when India had granted asylum to the Dalai Lama. India initiated a
Forward Policy in which it placed outposts along the border, including
several north of the McMahon Line, the eastern portion of a Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959.
The Chinese launched simultaneous offensives in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line on 20 October 1962, coinciding with the Cuban Missile Crisis. Chinese troops advanced over Indian forces in both theatres, capturing Rezang la in Chushul in the western theatre, as well as Tawang in the eastern theatre. The war ended when the Chinese declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962, and simultaneously announced its withdrawal from the disputed area. The Sino-Indian War is notable for the harsh conditions
under which much of the fighting took place, entailling large-scale
combat at altitudes of over 4,250 metres (14,000 feet). This presented
enormous logistics problems for both sides. The Sino-Indian War was
also noted for the non-deployment of the navy or air force by either
the Chinese and Indian sides.
(u.s.a.support for India was crucial)
Kennedy
No
sooner the PLA began the first wave of assaults than an unnerved Nehru
appealed to the United States for military help. He implored that
Washington grant military aid without insisting on a formal alliance.
But no U.S. military aid came. Kennedy waited till Khrushchev's
capitulation(at cuba over russian missiles) before sending Nehru a letter promising "support as well as
sympathy".
When the PLA launched the second series of attacks, the U.S. carrier force, USS Enterprise,
Dec 4, 2012 — The story of the 1962 war with China has all the elements of a ... of the USS Enterprise in the Bay of Bengal during the 1971 Bangladesh war. ... US that came to India's rescue and there were plans to send the USS Kitty Hawk ...
Jul 21, 2020 — Currently the world's largest aircraft carrier, Nimitz sailed into the Bay of ... Expressing concern about the continued military aggression by China along its border with India and in other ... led by USS Enterprise,
steamed
not towards the East or South China Sea but towards the Bay of Bengal
to serve as a psychological prop to the besieged Indians. John Kenneth
Galbraith wrote in his memoirs, Ambassador's Journal, that he had, as
U.S. Ambassador to India, recommended the despatch of the aircraft
carrier to ease Indian nerves.
US
demand Once Beijing declared a unilateral cease-fire, the issue of U.S.
arms sales to India got caught in the perennial and still-prevalent
U.S. demand - that New Delhi open talks with Pakistan on Kashmir -
forcing the Nehru government to hold five rounds of futile discussions
with Islamabad as a quid pro quo for receiving low-line American arms.
The Chinese aggression was seen in Washington as creating an
opportunity for what America has always desired and still seeks to
pursue -- closer and better ties with India while maintaining old bonds
with Pakistan - to help promote 'regional stability'.
[2]---, Indo – Pak war (1965),:--
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and
September 1965 between India and Pakistan. This conflict became known as
the Second Kashmir War fought by India and Pakistan over the
disputed region of Kashmir, the first having been fought in 1947. The
war began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar,
which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to
precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war
caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United
Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.
The Pakistan Army's elite 1 Armoured Corps met its Waterloo in the
Battle of Assal Uttar as they lost nearly 100 tanks, many of them being
brand new M-48 Pattons. Bhikiwind was used as a temporary tank cemetery
to house some 60 captured & destroyed M-48 Pattons, M-24 Chafees and
M4 Shermans. The cemetery stood as a standing memorial to Pakistan's
humiliating defeat in the battle of Assal Uttar.
believed the
Indian Army would be unable to defend itself against a quick military
campaign in the disputed territory of Kashmir as the Indian military had
suffered a loss to China in 1962.Pakistan believed that the population
of Kashmir was generally discontented with Indian rule and that a
resistance movement could be ignited by a few infiltrating saboteurs.
Pakistan attempted to ignite the resistance movement by means of a
covert infiltration, codenamed Operation Gibraltar The Pakistani infiltrators were soon discovered,
however, their presence reported by local Kashmiris, and the operation ended in a complete failure
[3]--- severest drought in 100 Years (1965 – 66).:--
PL-480,
or Public Law 480 is a law signed by President Eisenhower in 1954. It
is also known as "Food for Peace" because it is the funding avenue by
which US food can be used for overseas aid.
1960 india:-
Unfortunately, the country was dirt poor at the time. It did not have
enough money to import all the food it needed to feed it's citizens. Consequently, food shortages were commonplace, and a "rationing" system was introduced by the government. Everyone was allotted about 4 pounds of rice, 1 pound of sugar and wee bits of other foodstuff every month. You
were given a "ration card" by a government agency, and you took that
card to officially sanctioned (but privately held) "ration shops".
Naturally, the process was very corrupt: acquiring the ration cards was a
monumental feat, the "ration shops" were seldom open, and they would
run out of food very quickly when they did open. Those with plenty of
time on their hands (e.g. children) were tasked with waiting outside
ration shops in case they opened.
price of food was beyond the reach of ordinary manSOME MADE FUN OF THE SITUATION AS "SHIP TO MOUTH EXISTENCE"
The
Indian government was doing all that it could possibly have done to
mitigate ~ food hoarding was a serious crime, for instance; and the
airwaves was flooded with public service announcements about staying
calm. But, in the end, when supplies get tight, prices tend to
skyrocket.
It
is here that PL-480 came in handy. I grew up listening and reading
stories about the "PL-480 ships" of america carrying rice from the
United States. The passage of these ships was headline news on the
airwaves ~ because their arrival would coincide with millions of people
being able to eat. Magically, when the Pl-480 ships docked, the market
prices for rice and wheat would ease, and the "ration shops" would open.
PL-480 made the difference between food riots and dinner for everyone.
40% of the food aid under the PL-480 program between 1955 (the first year of the program) and 1973 was directed towards India.
Photo and audio clip of President Eisenhower and s.k. patil; at the
signing of the 1960 Food for Peace agreement
The United States supplied more than $52 billion of food aid worldwide over the 43-year period 1954
(when PL 480 was enacted) through 1996. The annual commitment averaged $1.2 billion a year in current
dollars.
Fifty-nine percent of the food was provided under PL 480, mainly to governments. This
“program” food aid was generally sold on the open market to anyone with money.
When did parthenium reach India?
This
alien weed (congress grass or parthenium,) is believed to have been introduced into India as
contaminants in PL 480 wheat (Public Law 480 passed in 1954 to give food
grains to developing countries for eliminating starvation and
malnutrition) imported from the USA in the 1950s.27-Apr-2011
- The American who helped India conquer hunger:----
young Borlaugh
Borlaug first visited India in 1963. His HYV seed Leema Rojo was the
most successful variety that increased the yield of wheat in Punjab
manifold.
"The high-yielding variety was reddish-brown and did not find favour
with a lot of people. Under Borlaug's guidance, Punjab Agricultural
University (PAU) professor Kalyan Singh crossbred it with Indian
varieties and evolved a new type called Kalyan.
This became highly successful," former PAU Vice-Chancellor K.S. Aulukh
told HT. The Green Revolution, which first took place in Punjab, spread
rapidly to other parts of India. As a result, the country achieved
self-sufficiency in food production by the early 1990s.
Prices increased by 36% in 5 – Years.Hence, third plan failed in every respect.
Three Annual Plans (1966 – 69)
Plan holiday for 3 Years.
The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious food shortage necessitated the emphasis on agriculture during the Annual Plans.
During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving wide –
spread distribution of High – Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of seeds, the
extensive use of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and
soil conservation was put into action to tide – over the crisis in
agricultural production.
During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.
M. S. Swaminathan transformed agriculture in India in the 1960s
Swaminathan
is credited with introducing new varieties of high-yield wheat to India
during the 1960s and 1970s, catapulting the country from dependence on
foreign-grain shipments to food independence within a few years. With
about 60% of India's population employed in agriculture, it is difficult
to overstate the significance of Swaminathan's contribution to his
country.
"When India needed help, Britain told us to take a walk. Look how things have changed today." Ambassador Deepak Vohra ... Fourth Five Year Plan India (1969 – 74)
The Fourth Plan set before itself the two principal objectives – growth with stability and progress towards self – reliance.
Main emphasis on agriculture’s growth rate so that a chain reaction can start.
Fared well in the first 2 Years with record production, last 3 Years failure because of poor monsoon.
Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971 Indo – Pak war.
By the end of May 1971 the number rose to 3 million.
Bengali refugees heading to India to flee persecution during the 1971 war of liberation-
By June 15, the number of refugees had gone up to 5.8 million, of whom 3.7 million were living in camps.
Indian T-55 tanks on their way to Dhaka The United States supported Pakistan both politically and materially. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of StateHenry Kissinger. Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them throughJordan and Iran.while
also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The
Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the "genocidal"
activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram. This prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by Congress and in the international press.When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon ordered the USSEnterprise USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal. The Enterprise arrived on station on 11 December 1971. It has been documented that Nixon even persuaded Iran and Jordan to send their F-86, F-104 and F-5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan. On 6 December and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of ships
Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of ships
and a submarine, armed with nuclear missiles, from Vladivostok; they
trailed U.S. Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971
until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine
The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This video is about the Russian role in 1971
ALL YOU TUBE VIDEOS ARE NOW REMOVED BY ?AMERICAN AND BRITISH HACKERS THINKING PEOPLE WILL FORGET THAT EPISODE;THIS BELOW VIDEOS FROM FACE BOOK
01-Jul-2019 — ... at 4:25 PM · Facebook for Android ·. Watch How Russia Helped India In 1971 War! Like. Love. Wow. 124K. ·7.9K Comments·94K Shares.
y.
Indo-Pakistani conflict and about the Soviet-American opposition in
Indian Ocean. It's a part of the Russian TV program 'Strike Force'. The
translation is mine.In
1971, December, 3 the World has become an attestor to a new war between
India and Pakistan. At afternoon the Pakistani aviation has strike the
Indian cities and airstrips. The Indian PM Indira Gandhi put the country
in emergency state and gave the order to nip the aggression. Hard
clashes were started on the ground in the air, and at the sea.Historic
document: "Confident. December, 10, 1971. Moscow. For the DM Marshal
Andrey Grechko. According to the information from our attaché in Delhi
in the first day of conflict the Indian destroyer 'Rajput' has sunk a
Pakistani submarine by depth charges. In December, 4 and 9, the Indian
fast boats have destroyed and damaged 10 Pakistani battle ships and
vessels by the P-15 missiles. In addition 12 oil storages was burned in
flame. The Commander of the Military Intelligence Service Gen. Pyotr
Ivashutin".In
the same day the Soviet Intelligence has reported that the British
Naval group with the leadership of 'Eagle' carrier went closer to the
territorial waters of India. The Soviet Government immediately sent a
unit of battle ships under the leadership of counter-admiral Vladimir
Kruglyakov for helping to the fraternal country.Vladimir Kruglyakov, the former (1970-1975) Commander of the 10th Operative Battle Group (Pacific Fleet) remembers:"I received the order from the Chief Commander 'To not allow access of the American Navy to the Indian military objects'.- On the way of American Navy stood the Soviet cruisers, destroyers and atomic submarines equipped with anti-ship missiles.Vladimir Kruglyakov, the former (1970-1975) Commander of the 10th Operative Battle Group (Pacific Fleet) remembers:"We
encircled them and I have targeted the 'Enterprise' by missiles. I have
blocked them and didnt allow enclosing to Karachi, nor to Chittagong or
Dhaka".On
the Soviet ships then were only the missiles with limited to 300 km
range. Thus, to be sure the rival is under the hindsight the Russian
commanders have had to take the risk of maximal enclosing to the
American fleet.Vladimir Kruglyakov, the former (1970-1975) Commander of the 10th Operative Battle Group (Pacific Fleet) remembers:"The
Chief Commander has order me: 'Lift the subs when they (the Americans)
appear!' It was done to demonstrate, there are all the needed in Indian
Ocean, including the nuclear submarines. I have lifted them, and they
recognized it. Then, we intercepted the American communication. The
commander of the Carrier Battle Group was then the counter-admiral Dimon
Gordon. He sent the report to the 7th American Fleet Commander: 'Sir,
we are too late. There are the Russian atomic submarines here, and a big
collection of the battleships'.The war was then two weeks long, and it has finished by Pakistani forces surrendering.
The Soviet Government immediately sent a unit of battle ships under the ... not allow access of the American...
Translation of the Russian script (from Omi Rahman Pial):
In the same day the Soviet Intelligence has reported that the British
Naval group with the leadership of 'Eagle' carrier went closer to the
territorial waters of India. The Soviet Government immediately sent a
unit of battle ships under the leadership of counter-admiral Vladimir
Kruglyakov for helping to the fraternal country.
Vladimir Kruglyakov, the former (1970-1975) Commander of the 10th Operative Battle Group (Pacific Fleet) remembers:
"I received the order from the Chief Commander 'To not allow access of the American Navy to the Indian military objects'.
- On the way of American Navy stood the Soviet cruisers, destroyers and atomic submarines equipped with anti-ship missiles.
Vladimir Kruglyakov, the former (1970-1975) Commander of the 10th Operative Battle Group (Pacific Fleet) remembers:
"We encircled them and I have targeted the 'Enterprise' by missiles. I
have blocked them and didnt allow enclosing to Karachi, nor to
Chittagong or Dhaka".
On the Soviet ships then were only the missiles with limited to 300
km range. Thus, to be sure the rival is under the hindsight the Russian
commanders have had to take the risk of maximal enclosing to the
American fleet.
Vladimir Kruglyakov, the former (1970-1975) Commander of the 10th Operative Battle Group (Pacific Fleet) remembers:
"The Chief Commander has order me: 'Lift the subs when they (the
Americans) appear!' It was done to demonstrate, there are all the needed
in Indian Ocean, including the nuclear submarines. I have lifted them,
and they recognized it. Then, we intercepted the American communication.
The commander of the Carrier Battle Group was then the counter-admiral
Dimon Gordon. He sent the report to the 7th American Fleet Commander:
'Sir, we are too late. There are the Russian atomic submarines here, and
a big collection of the battleships'.
The war was then two weeks long, and it has finished by Pakistani forces surrendering.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A recently-published book ‘Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power’
has thousands of pages of national security files and telephone
transcripts of then US national security adviser Henry Kissinger and
2,800 hours of the Nixon tapes in it that has disclosed the US mentality
towards India at that time. American author and historian Robert
Dallek has exposed in the book that how Nixon and Kissinger were
disappointed with Indian policies and how they tried to bring China in
order to prevent the formation of Bangladesh. At that time, US
President Nixon had called Indians as a slippery, treacherous people
and Kissinger had called Indians as insufferably arrogant. According
to the book, then Indian PM Indira Gandhi had seen little prospect of
any political settlement in this matter. However, she had told
Kissinger that she did not want to use force and was open to
suggestions
PRESIDENT NIXON WITH PRIME MINISTER INDIRA GANDHI
. Indira Gandhi, the then PM, had showed great courage in moving forward to establish Indian supremacy in the region despiteof watching two great powers standing against India. "The Indians are bastards," Mr Kissinger said shortly before the India-Pakistan war of 1971, it was revealed this week. Mr Kissinger also called former Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi a "bitch" during the conversation. At the time, the US saw India as too close to the Soviet Union. The conversation was revealed in documents the US State Department declassified on US foreign policy of the time. According to the documents, President Nixon called Indira Gandhi an "old witch" in a conversation with Mr Kissinger. http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger
Henry Kissinger
Friday, 1 July, 2005,
Former US Secretary of State Henry
Kissinger has expressed regret over anti-India comments he made to
former US President Richard Nixon.Mr
Kissinger, 82, has now told a the private Indian television channel
NDTV that his comments did not reflect American policy during the
1970s. "I regret that these words were used. I have extremely high regard for Mrs Gandhi as a statesman," he said. The
fact that we were at cross purposes at that time was inherent in the
situation but she was a great leader who did great things for her
country."
Surrendered Pakistani Troops standing for inspection.
Lieutenant General A. A. K. Niazi (right) signing the Instrument of
Surrender while surrendering to Lieutenant General Jagjit
Singh Arora
of the Indian Army (left)
PAKISTANI
PRISONERS, 1971.
Pakistanis captured by Bangladeshi pro-independence forces at a prison
camp in Kashmir at the conclusion of the Bangladesh Liberation War,
December 1971.
Pakistan stamp depicting the 90,000 POWs in Indian camps
Pakistan stamp depicting the 90,000 POWs in Indian camps
THIS
DEFEAT WAS A TERRIBLE CALAMITY FOR PAKISTAN.THEY FOUND THEY CANNOT
DEFEAT INDIA IN A REGULAR WAR ; IN ORDER TO TAKE Revenge and AT THE
SAME TIME TO HARASS INDIA; SO DECLARED AN UNOFFICIAL WAR :-
;PAKISTAN HAD STARTED THE TERRORIST CAMPS .
Hamid Gul, HI(M), SBt, (Urdū:حمید گل) (born 20 November 1936) is a retired Pakistani Armythree stargeneral known for heading the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the premier Pakistani intelligence agencyHe has acknowledged being a member of banned militant organization Ummah Tameer-e-Nau.
The United States government has included Hamid Gul's name in a list of
4 former ISI officers for inclusion in the list of international
terrorists that was sent to UN Secretary General, but China refused.
Gul
has been informed by a senior official in Pakistan's Foreign Ministry
that he had been placed on a U.S. watch list of global terrorists, along
with several others. He was shown a U.S. document that detailed several
charges against him, including allegations that he had ties to al-Qaeda
and the Taliban
BUT SOME TALIBAN TRAINED BY PAKISTAN; HAS NOW TURNED AROUND AND HAS STARTED BOMBING THE 'FEEDING HAND'
PAKISTAN
HAS ONLY ONE PERCEIVED ENEMY THAT IS INDIA ;BUT WHY THEY HAVE
ACCUMULATED AN ARSENAL OF NUCLEAR BOMBS MORE THAN INDIA'S?! . AND STILL
MAKING MORE ?? SUSPICIOUS
THEY
HAVE KEPT THE 'FIRST USE OPTION' MEANS; THEY CAN AND WILL USE NUCLEAR
WEAPONS AGAINST INDIA; IF AT ANY MOMENT THEY THINK THEY ARE THREATENED
;WHETHER IT IS A REAL THREAT OR NOT
PAKISTANS
NUCLEAR WEAPONS ARE STILL UNDER CONTROL AND COMMAND OF ITS ARMY AND
I.S.I.COMBINE. AND PAKISTAN'S ARMY/ISI HAS NOT FORGOTTEN THE TERRIBLE
DEFEAT AT BANGLADESH ,1972
WILL
THEY USE NUCLEAR BOMBS AGAINST INDIA ,USING FIRST USE OPTION ;ALL
120+++ OF THEIR BOMBS TOGETHER ;FOR AN OVERKILL REVENGE?
WILL THEY HAND OVER THE BOMBS TO TERRORISTS BEING TRAINED BY THEM?
OR WILL THEY SELL IT TO IRAN?TO NORTH KOREA?
NORTH KOREA SUPPLIED PAKISTAN WITH MOST OF ITS ROCKETS
THIS IS THE ONLY DANGER TO INDIA NOW
Nuke India if necessary [Mon, 02 Feb 2009 20:31:58 GMT] Ex-ISI chief:[news item collected from internet]
Former
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) chief Hamid Gul says Islamabad should
not hesitate to use nuclear weapons against New Delhi.
"It is the matter of country's defense and existence, therefore,
Pakistan should never be hesitant to use its atomic capabilities if need
arises," a Press TV correspondent quoted Gul as saying on Sunday.
The ex-ISI chief who was speaking at the "Defense of Pakistan"
conference held in Islamabad added that Pakistan's inferior military
might would trigger the need for the use of nuclear weapons.
Front row, from left: Major Gen. Hamid Gul, director general of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI),
Director of Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Willian Webster; Deputy
Director for Operations Clair George; an ISI colonel; and senior (CIA)official, Milt Bearden at a (mujahedeen training) camp in North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan in 1987
India on Sunday
(September 25) said it was good that the US recognised the link between
the Haqqani network and the Pakistan intelligence agency ISI, both of
which have been blamed for the assassination of former Afghan President
Burhanudin Rabbani.
"We have always been saying it. I am glad US finds it is also suffered
under the ISI," External Affairs Minister S M Krishna said in New York.
The two countries will discuss their bilateral relationship when Krishna
meets Secretary of State Hillary Clinton tomorrow. Krishna said it was
fine to differ with the US on issues like Syria and Libya, noting that
bilateral relations depended on entirely different set of conditions.
"We don't have to agree on everything," he said.
Referring to support of nations like China in India's bid for permanent
membership of the Security Council, Krishna said "this is a question
which India is very serious about."
He noted that the restructuring of the UNSC will be a long and arduous
journey. "But India believes that ultimately it will find its rightful
place in the Security Council," he added.
Krishna met the Indian Ambassador and its Consul Generals in the country
and discussed ways to improve the consular services and deal with
public grievances. } ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21 Oct, 2011, 10.25AM IST, IANS
We won't tolerate Pakistani safe havens: Hillary Clinton
WASHINGTON: Making clear the United States was not buying Pakistan's explanation of hedging against India, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has bluntly told its key ally it would not tolerate terrorists in Pakistan's safe haven.
"In recent months, we've seen the Haqqani Network turn from being a
fighting force to one that is deliberately targeting American targets,"
like the US embassy in Kabul, she told in an interview in Kabul on Thursday.
"We cannot tolerate that," Clinton said. "And the safe haven in Pakistan from which they launch these attacks has nothing to do with the Taliban coming back into Afghanistan."
"It has nothing to do with Pakistan hedging against India or whatever the explanation is," she said according to a transcript of the interview released by the State Department. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Simla Agreement-1
Fifth Five Year Plan of India (1974 – 79)the Fifth Plan ( 1974-79) corrected its course by initiating a programme emphasising growth and distribution
The Fifth Plan prepared and launched by DD Dhar proposed to achieve
two main objectives vizard, ‘Removal of Poverty’ (Garibi Hatao) and
‘Attainment of Self Reliance’, through promotion of high rate of growth,
better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the
domestic rate of savings.
National Program of Minimum needs was initiated in which Primary
Education, Drinking Water; Medical facilities in rural areas,
Nourishing Food, Land for the Houses of Landless Laborers, Rural Roads,
Electrification of the Villages and Cleanliness of the dirty suburbs
were included.
The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta Government, came to power.
Rolling Plan in India (1978 – 80)
There were 2 Sixth Plans – One by Janta Government (for 78 – 83)
which was in operation for 2 Years only and the other by the Congress
Government when it returned to power in 1980. The Janta Government Plan
is also called ‘Rolling Plan’.
The focus of the plan was enlargement of the employment potential in
agriculture and allied activities, encouragement to household and
small industries producing consumer goods for consumption and to raise
the incomes of the lowest income classes through minimum needs program.
Indian Sixth Five Year Plan (1980 – 85)Objectives :
Increase in National Income, Modernization of Technology, Ensuring
continuous decrease in Poverty and Unemployment, Population Control
through Family Planning, etc. Seventh Five Year Plan (1985 – 90) During the period 1980-95, GDP growth was more than 5% per annum
The Seventh Plan emphasized policies and programs which aimed at
rapid growth in food – grains production, increased employment
opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of
planning.
It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against the targeted 5%.
Eighth Five Year Plan of India (1992 – 97)The
Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97), was launched against the backdrop of a
balance of payments crisis, leading to the debt trap experienced in
1991. The crisis led to a second rethinking about our economic
strategies and far reaching changes were effected. India launched a
major programme of economic liberalization (stabilization and structural
adjustment) in July 1991,
The Eighth Plan was postponed by 2 Years because of political
upheavals at the Centre and it was launched after a worsening Balance of
Payment (BoP) position inflation during 1990 – 91.
The plan undertook various drastic policy measures to combat the bad
economic situation and to undertake an annual average growth of 5.6%.
Some of the main economic performances during Eighth Plan period
were rapid economic growth, high growth of agriculture and allied
sector, and manufacturing sector, growth in exports and imports,
improvement in trade and current account deficit.
The most notable feature of the Eighth Plan period was that the GDP
grew at an average rate of 6.8% exceeding the target growth rate of
5.6%.
Ninth Five Year Plan of Indialaunched
in the 50th. year of India's independence with an ambition to achieve
7% - 8% rate of economic growth. The Ninth Plan, without minimising
the value of industrialisation, gave priority to agriculture and rural
development, provision of basic minimum services, creation of
productive employment, empowerment of women and other weaker sections,
promotion of Panchayati Raj Institutions etc
It was developed in the context of four important dimensions: Quality
of life, generation of productive employment, regional balance and
self-reliance.
Appraisal of the Ninth Plan in India
Growth rate of GDP during the plan was 5.4% per annum as against the target of 6.5%.
Agriculture grew by 2.1% as against the target of 4.2% p.a.
Industrial growth was 4.5% as against the target of 3% p.a.
Exports grew by 7.4% (target was 14.55%) and imports grew by 6.6% (target was 12.2% p.a.).
Services grew at the rate of 7.8% p.a.
Tenth Five Year Plan in India(2002 - 2007)
The major objectives were as under:
To attain a growth rate of 8%.
Reduction of poverty ratio to 20% by 2007 and to 1.0% by 2012.
Providing gainful high quality employment to the addition to the labor force over the Tenth Plan period.
Universal access to primary education by 2007.
Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007.
Reduction in decadal rate of population growth between 2001 and 2011 to 16.2%.
Increase in literacy rate to 72% within the plan period and to 80% by 2012.
Reduction of Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to 45 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 28 by 2012.
Reduction of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) to 20 per 1000 live births by 2007 and to 10 by 2012.
Increase in forest and tree cover to 25% by 2007 and 33% by 2012.
All villages to have sustained access to potable drinking water by 2012.
Cleaning of all major polluted rivers by 2007 and other notified stretches by 2012.
The plans have traditionally focused on setting national targets, but
it has been found that there is a variation in the performance of
different States. The Tenth Plan focused on ways and means of
correcting the regional imbalance.
Currently, eight States, with poor health and demographic indices,
constitute 44.7% of India's population. Special efforts were made
during the Tenth Plan to enable these States to fully achieve their
potential.
The plan laid great emphasis on agriculture since growth in this sector
is likely to lead to the widest dissemination of benefits, especially
to the rural poor including agricultural labor.
The growth strategy of the Tenth Plan seeked to ensure the rapid growth
of those sectors which are most likely to create high quality
employment opportunities. These included such sectors as construction,
real estate, and housing, transport, Small Scale Industries, modern
retailing, entertainment, IT-enabled services, etc.
The long
term growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) during the period
1950-51 to 1994-95 was around 3.8% per annum while population
increased at the rate of 2%. The turn around in growth rates for macro aggregates started in the 1980's
In terms of growth, the performance of agriculture has been quite
impressive in the post-independence period (a long-term growth on 2.7 %
growth per annum) as compared with the pre-independence period (0.3%
per annum) An important feature of the 1980's and the 1990's, however,
is that there has been much more equitable spread of agricultural
growth. Not having done well during the early years of the Green
Revolution, many of the states like Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh
and West Bengal, showed significant growth in the 1980's. Oilseeds
have also gained in the dry belt of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Karnataka and Maharashtra. Thus, there seems to be a reduction in
regional disparities in output growth during the 1980's and 1990's.
NOW THE FUTURE:-A CITIBANK report said.:-
In
view of its continuing robust growth, India is expected to be the
world’s largest economy by 2050, surpassing China and the United States,
a Citi report said.
“China should overtake the US to become the largest economy in the
world by 2020, then be overtaken by India by 2050,” financial services
group Citi said the report The estimates are based on Purchasing Power
Parity (PPP), an economic growth indicator that takes into account the
purchasing power of each country’s currency, instead of the prevailing
exchange rate conversion. Indian economy is expected to be nearly $85.97
trillion on PPP basis by 2050 from $3.92 trillion in 2010, Citi
said.Going by the report, India would surpass the US — currently the
world’s largest economy — to become the second largest by 2040.“We
expect India to overtake Japan to become the third largest economy in
the world by 2015,” it noted. In terms of PPP, Indian economy — valued
at $3.78 trillion — was at the fourth place in 2009. The country was
behind the US, China and Japan, according to the World Bank.
The report said India’s population of working age is expected to grow by
40.7 per cent between 2010 and 2050.India has successfully raised its
aggregate savings rate to levels that would allow sustained high levels
of domestic capital formation (the domestic saving rate averaged 34.4
per cent over 2006-2009 and the gross domestic investment rate 32.4 per
cent), the report added.Citi expects India to overtake Japan to become
the third largest economy in the world by 2015, but otherwise forecast
little change in the order of the ten largest economies over the next
five years. 1. India: $85.97 trillion Citi expects India’s real per
capita GDP to grow at 6.4% p.a. over the 40-year period between 2010
and 2050 (7.2% p.a. over the next 10 years and at rates of 7.7% p.a.
between 2020 and 2030 and 5.2% p.a. between 2030 and 2050). As a
result, India is expected to become the largest economy in the world by
2050, overtaking China and the US in the process. Its demographic
evolution is at least 35 years behind that of China with a high (but
falling) birth rate and a large and growing population of young
workers: India’s population of working age is expected to grow by 40.7
per cent between 2010 and 2050. India’s assets are many: It has
successfully raised its aggregate savings rate to levels that would
allow sustained high levels of domestic capital formation (the domestic
saving rate averaged 34.4 per cent over 2006-2009 and the gross
domestic investment rate 32.4 per cent). Its education system, while
not without weaknesses, produces a large pool of cheap, internationally
competitive, English-speaking graduates, allowing India to build up a
comparative advantage in certain sectors, such as IT or business
processes. This ’demographic dividend’ can, of course, become an
economic curse if the young are not educated and trained properly and
if the domestic capital formation rate is not high enough to create an
adequate supply of productive jobs. 2. China: $80.02 trillion For
China Citi predicts an average growth rate of 5.0 per cent p.a. for
real per capita GDP over the period 2010 2050, lower than in the recent
past, but still highly respectable - even more so after two decades of
largely uninterrupted near double-digit increases. China’s real per
capita GDP ranking in 2010 is 45th, at $7,430. This is quite far above
the poorest countries now, but even more distant still from the rich
industrial nations. A lot of convergence therefore remains to be done.
3. United States: $39.07 trillion The US economy is the largest in the
world currently, with an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) of
$14.3 trillion (a quarter of nominal global GDP and a fifth of global
GDP at purchasing power parity). But its dominance is seen declining as
nations like India and China show rapid and sustained growth to become
the world leaders over the next four decades…. Following will be the
10 largest economies in the world in 2050: 1. India: $85.97 trillion 2.
China: $80.02 trillion 3. United States: $39.07 trillion 4. Indonesia:
$13.93 trillion 5. Brazil: $11.58 trillion 6. Nigeria: $9.51 trillion 7.
Russia: $7.77 trillion 8. Mexico: $6.57 trillion 9. Japan: $6.48
trillion 10. Egypt: $6.02 trillion.
NEHRU NEVER THOUGHT FOR A MOMENT IN 1947; THAT POOR INDIA CAN BECOME NUMBER ONE IN THE WORLD
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and his six colleagues who were sworn in on
Sept. 2, 1946 as members of the Interim Government met the press
informally the same afternoon. Pandit Nehru addressed the press for half
an hour on the tasks before the new Government formed by him
1946-Members of India's Interim Government
Government officials outside the Council Room in the Vicerory's House,
New Delhi, shortly before their swearing-in ceremony. (L to r) Mr.
Sarat Chandra Boseelder brother of Subhas Chandra Bose.; Mr. Jagjivan Ram; Dr. Rajendra Prasad; Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel; Mr. Asaf Ali; Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru; Mr syed Ali
Zahee.
INDIA 1947 WAS A DIVIDED COUNTRY- RULING colonialist ,used a willing pawn[Jinnah], to form Pakistan, WISHING TO CONTINUE THE 'DIVIDE and RULE' POLICY,[ but failed]
INDIA BECOMES A FREE COUNTRY 1947 AUGUST
Nehru presented the National flag to the constituent assembly on July 22, 1947
NEHRU (l)WITH GOVERNOR GENERAL RAJAGOPALACHARI(c) AND SARDAR PATEL (r)
HIS PRIORITY WAS FOOD FOR THE STARVING MILLIONS OF INDIA ,AND MILLIONS UPROOTED BY PARTITION OF INDIA
British tank in the street after bloody rioting 1947
REFUGEES 1947
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MAHATMA GANDHI AT AN OPEN AIR MEETING
MAHATMA GANDHI ASSASSINATED 1948
Chamber of Princes [photo 1932 chamber of Indian princess]
In 1947, India was a ‘feudal’ society with more than 500 Kings and (some) Queens at the time of Independence. (No, the British did not rule over all of modern India). Large parts of India also had to change from a colonial mindset.)
out
of The 575-odd Princely States except three, merged without fuss.
Junagadh (now in Gujarat), Hyderabad (now in Andhra Pradesh), and
Kashmir proved troublesome.The Army had to be employed in Junagadh and Hyderabad to consolidate these states in the Indian Union whereasKashmir after initial dithering acceded to India voluntarily and by popular consent when
Pakistani raiders entered the Kashmir Valley in October 1947.In Junagadh it was a simple brigade-level confidence-building measure and the state acceded to the Union.
Hyderabad dallied for one year attempting to declare independence
outside the Indian Union. In September 1948, a short 100-hour
engagement was forced on the Army (at that time heavily engaged in
Kashmir). 1 Armoured Division, commanded by Major General IN Chaudhuri
one of the few formations available, along with some infantry units
attached to it, entered the state and settled matters with minimal force.
Offering Surrender
Major General El
Edroos (at right) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad State Forces to
Major General (later General and Army Chief) Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri at
Secunderabad.
Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Major General Muchu Chaudhury flank the
Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan after he signed the accession to
India in September 1948.
NOBODY THOUGHT AT THAT TIME INDIA WILL ACHIEVE SO MUCH IN JUST 50 YEARS !
THE CHANGES LOOK JUST LIKE A MIRACLE FOR THOSE WHO HAVE SEEN IT THEN 1947 AND NOW20011 -[ a miracle ,considering that now Indian companies are employing 60,000 Americans in 40 American states -something -neither thinkable nor dreamable ,by a starving India with a begging bowl in 1947]
only
regret for a person who saw the famines of India 1947 is that he will
not be able to see THE GOOD TIMES OF INDIA 2050 A.D.
INDIA OLD AND NEW
while
India made real progress in science and research, and made its own
nuclear facilities and its own rockets ; Pakistan had to beg and borrow
or pay for it from china and north Korea . u.s.a.closed its eyes
thinking Pakistan is essential for its fights in Afghanistan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Secrets
"Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan:
brilliant scientist, trusted colleague, nuclear spy. Khan’s master
plan: to steal Europe’s nuclear secrets, build an atomic bomb for
Pakistan, and set-up a smuggling network to sell those secrets on to
Middle Eastern states from Libya to Iran."
—Sean Pertwee's opening narration
Pakistani scientist A.Q. Khan started working for URENCO
in The Netherlands in 1972. Spying for the Pakistani security service
Khan gained access to top-secret data due to lax security methods.
Returning to Pakistani with his family in 1975 it would be years before
the Dutch realised what Khan had stolen and why.
=========================================================================
Three Swiss engineers — a father and his two sons — have been charged with breaking arms export laws by aiding a Pakistani-led nuclear smuggling ring that supplied Libya's atomic weapons program, prosecutors said Tuesday.By FRANK JORDANS Associated Press
GENEVA December 13, 2011 (AP)
Urs Tinner, 46, his brother Marco, 43, and their father Friedrich,
74, are accused of providing technology and know-how to the nuclear
smuggling network of Abdul Qadeer Khan, the architect of Pakistan's
nuclear weapons program, the federal prosecutors office in Bern said in a
statement.
The A.Q. Khan smuggling ring sold key equipment such as centrifuges
for uranium enrichment to various countries until its operations were
disrupted in 2003.
Prosecutors said the Tinners have agreed to ask for a shortened legal
procedure, under which defendants admit the basic charges against them
but face no more than five years in prison.
If judges at the Federal Criminal Tribunal agree, politically
sensitive aspects of the investigation likely won't be publicly aired as
further evidence gathering — and therefore cross-examination — would be
excluded in court.
An unidentified fourth defendant who prosecutors said played a
subordinate role will be charged in a separate legal proceeding with
breaking Swiss arms exports laws.
Prosecutors said in their statement the question of the Tinners'
cooperation with the CIA remains unresolved, because the Swiss
government has denied a request to open a criminal investigation into
the issue.
Lawyers representing the Tinners didn't immediately respond to emails and telephone calls requesting comment.
Urs Tinner, who was released on bail in December 2008 after almost
five years in investigative detention, claimed in a 2009 interview with
Swiss TV station SF1 that he had tipped off U.S. intelligence about a
delivery of centrifuge parts meant for Libya's nuclear weapons program.
The shipment was seized at the Italian port of Taranto in 2003, forcing
Libya to admit and eventually renounce its efforts to acquire nuclear
weapons.
The CIA has declined to comment on the Tinner case. But the agency
has said in the past that "the disruption of the A.Q. Khan network was a
genuine intelligence success, one in which the CIA played a key role."
A book by U.S. investigative reporters Douglas Frantz and Catherine
Collins backs Urs Tinner's claim that he was recruited by the CIA as
early as 2000.
In 2007, the Swiss government ordered evidence in the case destroyed,
citing national security concerns. The decision prompted outrage in
Switzerland and accusations that the government had acted under pressure
from Washington.
Prosecutors said they were able to recover copies of some of the
files, but others — including all electronic records — have been
"definitively lost."
INDIA OF 1500:- Persian envoy Abdul Razak visited during Krishnadeva raya regime:-
Awe-struck by the splendor and prosperity prevailing in the Vijayanagar Empire, Abdur Razaak said,-“The pupil of the eye has never seen a place like it and the ear of intelligence has never been informed that there it IS in the world”. Abdur Razaak was the Persian ambassador who hadvisited Vijayanagara in 1446.
A scene of poverty in the slum area around St Giles's in the City of London1880
SLUMS OF NEWYORK CITY -19 TH CENTURY
It costs a Dollar a Month to sleep in these Sheds.
=LONDON SLUMS -before England became rich 1880
1849 The Irish Famine
March 8, 1847
IRELAND
----They
believe that the Government are determined to systematically put to
death one half of the people. With such an opinion daily gaining
ground, it is not easy to calculate how long, or why, the Whigs ought to
remain in place and power. Under their regime provisions have risen
to double -----[DOUBTS ABOUT ENGLISH BY IRISH ]
same doubts were raised about the English rulers of India during Bengal famine of 1945 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1500A.D. EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WERE COMPARATIVELY POOR,DIVIDED AND QUARRELING AMONG THEMSELVES ;BUT READY TO MAKE MONEY BY HOOK OR CROOK FROM THE COLONIES.1600A.D. SAW
SPANISH SAILORS LOOTING NEWLY DISCOVERED MEXICO OF ITS WEALTH. THE SAME
STORY REPEATED ALL OVER THE WORLD WITH OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES DOING
THE SAME On October 12, 1492,-SAW
COLUMBUS IN HIS GREED TO FIND A NEW ROUTE TO REACH THE RICHES OF
INDIA; INSTEAD - REACHED AMERICA;which was an unknown and undeveloped
place ; BY CHANCE; AND IN HIS IGNORANCE CALLed IT INDIA -----(now
known as WEST INDIES) AND THE PEOPLE OF THAT PLACE AS INDIANS --(NOW
KNOWN AS:-RED INDIANS AND AMERICAN INDIANS;the original inhabitants of the place) 1600'S A.D. AFRICA WAS STILL AN UNEXPLORED AND UNKNOWN PLACE ,SO, CALLED THE DARK CONTINENT 1600'S A.D INDIA AND CHINA WERE VERY RICH AND POWERFUL BUT IT ALL CHANGED WITH EUROPEAN TRADE AND GREED .-NOW THE SAME TWO COUNTRIES ARE GOING BACK TO BE FIRST AND SECOND IN THE WORLD BY 2050 A.D HISTORY REPEATS FOR INDIA
[Translation OFSARE JAHAN SE ACHA SONG]:-
Better than the entire world, is our
Hindustan, We are its nightingales, and it (is) our garden abode If we
are in an alien place, the heart remains in the homeland, Know us to be
only there where our heart is. That tallest mountain, that shade-sharer
of the sky, It (is) our sentry, it (is) our watchman In its lap frolic
those thousands of rivers, Whose vitality makes our garden the envy of
Paradise. O the flowing waters of the Ganges, do you remember that day
When our caravan first disembarked on your waterfront? Religion does not
teach us to bear ill-will among ourselves We are of Hind, our homeland
is Hindustan. In a world in which ancient Greece, Egypt, and Rome
have all vanished without trace Our own attributes (name and sign) live
on today. Such is our existence that it cannot be erased Even though,
for centuries, the cycle of time has been our enemy.
ANCIENT CHINESE AND TIBETAN civilization were destroyed by chairman MAO under cultural- revolution 1966--1976 Countless ancient buildings, artifacts, antiques, books, and paintings were destroyed by Red Guards.
THOUGH MANY INVADERS FROM OUTSIDE INDIA ,TRIED TO DESTROY IT,MANY TIMES FROM 1100 TO 1800A.D.
INDIA MUST THANK THE AID GIVERS FROM 1947 ONWARDS
About 90 percent of all aid received by
India has been in the form of loans. Aid disbursements from all
providers for FY 1990 were Rs67 billion.
In
August 1958, the World Bank organized the Aid-to-India Consortium,
consisting of the World Bank Group and thirteen countries: Austria,
Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany (at
that time, West Germany), France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands,
Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The consortium was formed to
coordinate aid and establish priorities among India's major sources of
foreign assistance and to simplify India's requests for aid based on
its plans for development.
Consortium aid was bilateral government-to-government aid from the
thirteen consortium countries, and almost all of the aid, including
that from the World Bank Group, was for specific projects judged to be
valuable contributions to India's development. Of
the Rs630 billion in aid authorized by all aid donors between FY 1974
and FY 1989, more than 60 percent was provided by the consortium.
Collectively,
the Western nations have donated a substantial amount of aid to
India. In 1980 this aid totaled nearly US$1.5 billion and reached
US$2.5 billion in 1990. In 1992 Western aid reached a new height:
US$3.9 billion, which represented 49.8 percent of all Western
multilateral and bilateral aid given to South Asian nations that year.
The largest bilateral donor is Japan. Between 1984 and 1993, Japan's
official development assistance grants to India totaled US$337
million. Much greater than the outright grants has been Japan's
large-scale loan program, which supports economic infrastructure
development (power plants and delivery systems, and road improvement)
and environmental protection. Between 1984 and 1993, Japanese loans to
India totaled nearly US$2.4 billion. A ¥125 billion (US$1.2 billion)
loan financing major projects was granted in December 1994, bringing
Japanese loans to India since 1957 to a total of ¥1.6 trillion
United
States assistance was significant in the late 1950s and 1960s but,
because of strained India-United States relations, fell off sharply in
the 1970s . The United States accounted for 8.6 percent of all of the
aid India received from independence through FY 1988, but for only 0.7
percent in FY 1989 and 0.6 percent in FY 1990. United States aid to
India remained relatively insignifican
In FY 1993, actual United States obligations through the United
States Agency for International Development totaled almost US$161
million. The bulk of this aid was provided as United States Public Law
480 food aid grants with lesser amounts for development assistance
(including energy and the environment, population control, child
survival, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention, and
economic growth) and housing guaranty loans. Germany and Britain also
have substantial aid-to-India programs
Among
countries not in the World Bank consortium, the Soviet Union was the
most important contributor, providing more than 16 percent of all aid
between 1947 and FY 1988. Since 1991, however, Russia has provided
little aid.
ALSO THANKS INDIANS EMPLOYED OUTSIDE INDIA FOR MASSIVE REPATRIATION OF FUNDS TO INDIA ;LEADING TO PROGRESS
The buoyancy in remittances has been instrumental in
substantially reducing the current account deficit and building
up the stock of external reserves
Although remittances have increased in tandem with the
increase in remittances of other developing and emerging
countries, the increase has been somewhat sharper in India. As
per the latest World Bank study on ‘Migration and Remittances’,
India, retains its position as the top recipient of migrant
remittances among developing countries followed by China and
Mexico
Totaled to about USD18 billion in 2003, making India one of the
largest recipient of remittances in the world. In terms of the
percentage of GDP, remittances equaled about 3 percent in
2003 with the sharpest increase in transfers during the period
1991-199
Such a steady trend has followed in the recent years as well
with private transfer receipts, comprising mainly remittances
from Indians working overseas, increasing up to USD 46.4
billion during 2008-09 from USD 21.1 billion in the year 2004-
05. In other words, the private transfers have been stable
sources of funds over the past decade
Last year,Indians sent home $100bn Anahita Mukherji & Ashley DMello TNN Mumbai:
Ever wondered just how much do the 27 million desis scattered across
190 countries in the world contribute to the Indian economy According
to World Bank figures,$55 billion poured in from overseas Indians in
2010,a dramatic increase of over 150% that the country had received in
2003 when nearly $21 billion was remitted.The
$55 billion remittance,along with other forms of investments,worked out
to around $100 billion coming into the Indian economy.In
2010,India received the highest remittance for any country in the
world, Dr Alwyn Didar Singh,secretary,ministry of overseas affairs,said
during a discussion on Indian diaspora,organized by global think-tank
Gateway House on Thursday.According to the World Bank,India is followed
by China ($51 billion),Mexico ($22.6 billion),the Philippines ($21.3
billion) and France ($15.9 billion).Though
there was a slight dip in remittance from 2008 to 2009,the figure
bounced back in 2010 to a level that was higher than that in
2008.Kerala and Punjab are among states that receive the highest
remittances from overseas residents.Didar
Singh believes that the big increase in remittances has much to do with
the great degree of faith that people have in the Indian banking
system,coupled with a lack of trust in American banks.Remittances
may be in many forms,such as domestic consumption,property,health and
education.This is real money that is very much part of the local
economy,not money that is simply parked in a bank, he said.
THANKS TO AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND FOR MASSIVE AID IN MILK SCHEMES AND DEVELOPMENT
THANKS TO NORWAY FOR HELP IN FISHING PROJECTS IN KERALA AND OTHER COASTAL AREAS
Sweden
has a long history of development cooperation with India, which begun
in 1953. In the mid mid-1960s, when Sida was established,
India was one of the main recipients of Swedish assistance. Since the
late 1990-ies the Swedish support has been channelled through
multilateral institutions such as the United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF) and the World Bank and through Indian non-governmental
organisations.From
f 2005 there has been a shifttowards technical cooperationTHURSDAY, AUGUST 4, 2011It is India’s turn to hand out monetary aid to Europe,--India
to set up central foreign aid agency
In a role reversalthat will tickle most of India’s policymakers of the 1990s,it’s
India’s turn to hand out monetary aid to Europe, a far cry from 20
years ago when India had to approach the IMF, begging bowl
in hand. The government on Tuesday sought parliamentary approval to
provide R9,003 crore (over $2 billion) as aid to debt-stricken Europe.
On the face of it, this paints a great picture for India, which has
gone from strength to strength in the economic sphere, while the
dominant European economies have faltered and stumbled. Basically, from
the days of seeking aid, we have graduated to giving aid to those whom
we were earlier petitioning. But it is also heartening to see that this
gesture (at only $2 billion, that’s all it is) hasn’t been accompanied
by self-righteous chest-thumping, as if we were doing Europe a favour.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NEW
DELHI: India might become the world's third largest economy in 2011 by
overtaking Japan in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) measured
according to the domestic purchasing power of the rupee, otherwise
called purchasing power parity.
India
is now the fourth-largest economy behind the US, China and Japan.
Numbers from 2010 show that the Japanese economy was worth $4.31
trillion, with India snapping at its heels at $4.06 trillion. But after
March's devastating tsunami and earthquakes, Japan's economy is widely
expected to contract while India's economy will grow between 7% and 8%
this fiscal. "India should overtake Japan in 2011 to become the
third-largest economy in the world at purchasing power parity," said
Sunil Sinha, head of research and senior economist at Crisil.
IMF
forecasts show India and Japan neck-to-neck in 2011, but the disaster
in Japan has brought the event forward. "Were it not for the earthquake
and tsunami, India would have overtaken Japan in around 2013-14," said
Sinha.
The
purchasing power parity (PPP) method measures the size of an economy by
levelling price differences between countries that occur in the process
of conversion to a single currency.
Under
this method, a dollar should be able to buy the same amount of goods
anywhere in the world and exchange rates should adjust accordingly.
The
Economist's Big Mac Index, which takes the price of a Big Mac burger
across 120 countries to calculate the 'real' price of its currency, is a
crude way to measure PPP. India was included in the index recently. It
showed that the Indian rupee was undervalued by 53% against the US
dollar in August.
Earlier,
a report by consultant PwC suggested that the Indian economy would
surpass the Japanese economy in 2012. The IMF expects the Japanese
economy to contract 0.7% this year while India is expected to grow 8.2%.
A bigger economy could also give the government additional clout and
bargaining power overseas.
"A
bigger economy would also mean more clout in international forums,"
said Madan Sabnavis, chief economist at ratings firm Care.
India,
once a recipient nation for foreign aid, could now come together with
Brazil, Russia and China to form a fund to stabilise tottering economies
in the Eurozone.
Globally,
companies have their eyes set on India as a rapidly growing nation that
is full of opportunities. The sheer scale of development needed could
drive growth for many years. "India has the advantage of size. The scope
of growth and excess capacity present in terms of resources would drive
growth in the future," said Sabnavis.
Economists
say that while the change in the rank of a country does not mean much,
it points to broad trends in the growth trajectories of nations.
"It's
a long process of development, but this shows that the markets are
expanding and there is robust demand within the economy," said
Siddhartha Sanyal, chief economist, Barclays Capital.
According
to the University of Pennsylvania PPP world tables, India has already
moved ahead of Japan in 2010. The size of the Indian economy is expected
to reach almost $5 trillion by the end of 2011.---------------------------------------------------------------
Here’s a graphic put together illustrating the economic changes we’ll see in the coming years:
Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) (Hindi: दादाभाई नौरोजी), known as
Grand Old Man of India,
was a Parsi intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an early Indianpolitical leader. His book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India brought attention to the draining of India's wealth into Britain. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the British House of Commons between 1892 and 1895,
Spe aking at the N e w i n g t o n R e f o rm C l u b , W a l w o r t h , he s a id: One of the arguments p ut f o rwa rd in defence of the system was that the B r i t i sh prevented the different peoples of India f r om plunde r ing each other. T h at was o n ly a h a lf t r u t h; the w h o le t
r u th was that they prevented the different peoples f r om plunde ri
ng each other in order that they themselves m i g ht plunder a l l. T h en they were t o ld that the B r i t i sh had int roduc ed security of prope r ty, b ut o n ly in order that they m i g ht carry it away w i t h perfect security. As to the security of l i f e, it was said that the o ld mental despots used to k i ll thousands and thousands, and harass the people. If that was so, theB r i t i sh Gove rnment, w i t h great ingenui ty and scientific precision, was k i l l i ng mi l l ions by famines and plagues, and starving scores of mi l l i o n s. . . . T he Anglo-Indians, or the B r i t i s h, were l i ke clever surgeons w h o, w i t h the sharpest scalpels, cut to the v e ry heart, and dr ew every d r op of b l o od w i t h o ut leaving a scar. da t ed A p r i l 2 1 , 1905,
(despatch M a r ch 25, 1890):— " M i l l i o ns of money have been spent on increasing the a rmy in Indi a, on armaments, and on fortifications to p r o v i de f or the security of Indi a, n ot against domestic enemies or to pr event the invasions of the w a r l i ke peoples of adjoining countries, b ut to ma i n t a in the supremacy of B r i t i sh p o w er in the East." He r e, t h e n, is a strange and sad contrast. T he U n i t e d K i n g d om and I n d ia are g o v e r n ed by the same G o v e r n m e n t, w i t h the result of b r i n g i ng to the U n i t e d K i n g d om an a d d i t i on to its w e a l t h, as p r o f i ts of its e x p o r t s, in t en years, of £1,267,441,206, and, on the o t h er h a n d, causing to I n d ia in the same t en years a d e p r i v a t i on and loss of £ 3 4 3 , 6 5 9 , 9 2 0. N o t o n ly thi s. T he loss to I n d ia mu st be measured by h ow m u ch m o re I n d ia w o u l d have benefited, had this e n o rmo us d r a in of the t en years and a ll d r a in of pr evious years been at Indi a 's o w n disposal and f r u c t i f i ed in the Indi ans' pockets
As
late as the 1750s, India had an export surplus; its favourable trade
balance was matched by bullion import, as the world had nothing else to
offer India in return for its fine textiles. British colonialism
reversed this process, first by monopolising trade and then — in the
early 19th century — by demolishing Indian industry. During the period
when British trade established supremacy, goods were exported by India
but the bullion never reached the country. British merchants purchased
goods in rupee receipts in India, and exchanged them abroad for bullion.
Much before Dadabhai Naoroji and the so-called ‘modern nationalist’ school came up with a figure for India’s drain of wealth chroniclers had put it at more than 100,000 million pound sterling per annum.
Convert
To
1 GBP
INR
=
76.4768
1 GBP = 76.4768 INR as of 30/09/2011 12:08
[GBP IN 1900 A.D. 1 POUND = ABOUT 10 RUPEES]
Dadabhai NAVROJIproved
that the average annual income of an Indian was barely Rs 20. Examining
the import and export figures for 37 years, he proved that India's
exports exceeded its imports by Rs 50 crores (approximately $135
million) annually.
In
fact, bullion owed to India helped finance England’s Industrial
Revolution. Then, in order to flood Indian markets with European goods,
India was de-industrialised. From being a supplier of luxury goods, it
was turned into an exporter of raw material. Between 1820 and 1840,
de-industrialisation closed down more than 12,000 markets, controlled
and operated by peasants and small entrepreneurs in northern India
The ideological moorings of imperialism have been many. From liberaltradition of orientalism to that of not so good utilitarianism. Allthese affected the political as well as the economic fabric. Theimperial powers started as trading organisations and later developedinto full fledged political powers. This transformation was to a largeextent based on the control over resources. In India's context, this hadmeant things like:# Use of territorial revenue by British trading company as 'investment',whereby during the eighteenth century, it would use the territorialrevenue of Bengal to buy goods from Bengal and export that to Europe,and would show that this money was their 'investment' in India!#Trade imbalance that had gradually transformed India from an exportingcountry in goods like Cotton to that of an importing country of cotton.#Transfer of wealth in form of invisibles eg. transfer of profit,pensions, cost of maintenance of Office of Secy etc all these comingfrom Indian revenue.
Destruction of handicraft industries (during the later eighteenthcentury), when the industrial revolution had only just started~ andperhaps the societies were poised in a balanced way. This is alsorelated to an important phenomena of "proto-industrialisation" and"deindustrialisation".
#Destruction of technological industries like shipping in the early nineteenth century.Here it is interesting to note that shipping of India was not outdone by any Western technology, but by the non-technological political policies made in Britain. Scholars like Gunder Frank also puts the western superiority in areas like shipping only by 1840s. All these meant technological impoverishment in the long run
# The nature of this drain underwent a shift when the age of finance capitalism emerged. The most glaring example is that of railways. In the case, of railways the whole cost was put on India as guaranteed project. This meant that whether the project earned money or losses, it would be paid a guaranteed system by the Govt that protected the private investment. Consequently, this meant that the money for investment in projects like railways was basically extracted from India. If the investment in railways is neglected, then there was very little foreign investment during the whole period of imperialism
# Moreover, all this was not just a matter of drain, but also worked to serve the imperial political interests. Railways & Telegraph was used for suppression of revolts. Railways particularly was useful both for things like troop movement as well as penetration into areas and provinces of princely rulers, who were theoretically free. (at the time of independence, there were some 562 such independent states, that became part of the successor states) It was also useful for penetration of foreign goods, particularly textile into the hinterlands and also for transfer of raw materials from hinterland to the seaports for export to Britain.
# The drain also happened in terms of expenses on military. The costs of military expedition in far off lands- Middle East, Africa (like the Abyssinian & Sudan expeditons), Europe etc, which were basically British imperial wars, and had no relation to India were charged on Indian exchequer.
These areas were identified by the early Indian nationalists and much literature was written on it. It in some ways became an ideological issue, that received support from all spectrum of politics in India. This "Drain of Wealth Theory" gave a firm foundation to the anti-imperial struggle. In some ways, it meant that the struggle was not just political or even an issue of power, but of safeguarding of the basic interests of the country from an exploitative imperial power.
The people, among others, who actually theorised this were- Dada Bhai
Naoroji in his various monographs and particularly in "Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India", and RC Dutt in his "The Economic History of India", in two vol. Such a thing also received support of some Britishers like Digby.
In 1906, at the age of 80, Dadabhai was invited for a third time to be president of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta,
and he helped to patch up a conflict between the moderates and the extremists.
In his keynote speech he demanded "Swaraj" or Self-Rule from the British,
which delighted the Congress attendees and the Indian public.
He said"Be united, persevere, and achieve self-Government, so that the millions now perishing
by poverty, famine, and plague may be saved,and India may once more occupy her proud
position of yore among the greatest and civilized nations of the world"
THE STORY BEHIND FAMINES IN INDIA DURING BRITISH RULE
INDIA IS BELIEVED TO BE THE OLDEST CENTER OF INDIGO DYEING IN THE OLD WORLD.
IT WAS A PRIMARY SUPPLIER OF INDIGO DYE, DERIVED FROM THE PLANTINDIGOFERA TINCTORIA, TO EUROPE AS EARLY AS THE GRECO-ROMAN ERA. THE ROMANS USED THE TERM INDICUM, WHICH PASSED INTO ITALIAN DIALECT AND EVENTUALLY INTO ENGLISH AS THE WORDINDIGO
.INDIGO REMAINED A RARE COMMODITY IN EUROPE THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE AGES.
FORCEFUL CULTIVATION OF INDIGO IN INDIA.
, DURING BRITISH RULE 7000 SQUARE KILOMETERS WERE DEDICATED TO THE CULTIVATION OF INDICAN-PRODUCING PLANTS, MAINLY ININDIA . BY COMPARISON, THE COUNTRY OF LUXEMBOURG CONSISTS OF 2,586 SQUARE KILOMETERS
THE INDIGO PLANTERS[BRITISH] LEFT NO STONES UNTURNED TO MAKE MONEY.THEY MERCILESSLY PURSUED THE PEASANTS TO PLANT INDIGO INSTEAD OF FOOD CROPS.
THEY PROVIDED LOANS, CALLED DADON AT A VERY HIGH INTEREST. ONCE A FARMER TOOK SUCH LOANS HE REMAINED IN DEBT FOR WHOLE OF HIS LIFE BEFORE PASSING IT TO HIS SUCCESSORS.
THE PRICE PAID BY THE PLANTERS WAS MEAGRE,ONLY 2.5% OF THE MARKET PRICE.
SO THE FARMERS COULD MAKE NO PROFIT BY GROWING INDIGO. THE FARMERS WERE TOTALLY UNPROTECTED FROM THE BRUTAL INDIGO PLANTERS, WHO RESORTED TO MORTGAGE OR DESTRUCTION OF THEIR PROPERTY IF THEY WERE UNWILLING TO OBEY THEM.
GOVERNMENT RULES FAVOURED THE PLANTERS[BRITISH]. BY AN ACT IN 1833, THE PLANTERS WERE GRANTED A FREE HAND IN OPPRESSION.
EVEN THE ZAMINDARS, MONEY LENDERS AND OTHER INFLUENTIAL PERSONS SIDED WITH THE PLANTERS. OUT OF THE SEVERE OPPRESSION UNLEASHED ON THEM THE FARMERS RESORTED TO REVOLT.
WHEN FARMERS ROSE AGAINST THE FORCIBLE CULTIVATION OF THE UN-REMUNERATIVE INDIGO CROP
THE REVOLT WAS RUTHLESSLY SUPPRESSED. LARGE FORCES OF POLICE AND MILITARY BACKED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE ZAMINDARS
THE REVOLT HAD A STRONG EFFECT ON THE GOVERNMENT, WHICH IMMEDIATELY APPOINT THE "INDIGO COMMISSION" IN 1860. IN THE COMMISSION REPORT, E. W. L. TOWER NOTED THAT "NOT A CHEST OF INDIGO REACHED ENGLAND WITHOUT BEING STAINED WITH HUMAN BLOOD
FORCIBLE -INDIGO MANUFACTURE IN INDIA UNDER BRITISH
THE BRITISH SLAVE MASTER CAN BE SEEN IN LOWER RIGHT PICTURE WITH A WHIP IN HAND
BRITISH FORCIBLY CONVERTED AGRICULTURE LAND TO INDIGO CULTIVATION CAUSING FAMINE
[2]
The Terrible Indian Famine of 1876-79
Figure 2 Food Exports during the years 1872-1879 (source: Famines in Bengal 1770-1943,K C Ghosh,from pages 28-29)
[3]
STORY BEHIND BENGAL FAMINE 1943
British prime minister Winston Churchill deliberately let millions of Indians starve to death, the author of a new book has claimed, alleging he was motivated in part by racial hatred.
As many as three million people died in the Bengal famine of 1943
after Japan captured neighbouring Burma -- a major source of rice
imports -- and British colonial rulers in India stockpiled food for
soldiers and war workers.
Panic-buying
of rice sent prices soaring, and distribution channels were wrecked
when officials confiscated or destroyed most boats and bullock carts in
Bengal to stop them falling into enemy hands if Japan invaded.
Rice
suddenly became scarce in markets and, as worsening hunger spread
through villages, Churchill repeatedly refused pleas for emergency food
shipments.
Emaciated
masses drifted into Kolkata, where eye-witnesses described men fighting
over foul scraps and skeletal mothers dying in the streets as British
and middle-class Indians ate large meals in their clubs or at home.
The
"man-made" famine has long been one of the darkest chapters of the
British Raj, but now Madhusree Mukerjee says she has uncovered evidence
that Churchill was directly responsible for the appalling suffering.
Her
book, "Churchill's Secret War", quotes previously unused papers that
disprove his claim that no ships could be spared from the war and that
show him brushing aside increasingly desperate requests from British
officials in India.
Analysis
of World War II cabinet meetings, forgotten ministry records and
personal archives show that full grain ships from Australia were passing
India on their way to the Mediterranean region, where huge stockpiles
were building up.
"It
wasn't a question of Churchill being inept: sending relief to Bengal
was raised repeatedly and he and his close associates thwarted every
effort," Mukerjee told AFP in a telephone interview.
"The United States and Australia offered to send help but couldn't because the war cabinet was not willing to release ships.And when the US offered to send grain on its own ships, that offer was not followed up by the British."
Churchill's record as a war leader against Nazi Germany has secured his place in history, but hisattitude towards Indians attracts less admiration.
"He said awful things about Indians. He told his secretary he wished they could be bombed," Mukerjee said."He was furious with Indians because he could see America would not let British rule in India continue."
Eminent British historian Max Hastings has described it as "significant -- and to British readers -- distressing."
"The
rapidly expanding India-US trade and economic engagement provides a key
underpinning to the strategic partnership between our two countries,"
said Nirupama Rao, India's ambassador to the US."Our
aim, through the India Business Forum, is to highlight the range and
depth of Indian investments in the United States and also to try and
dispel some of the misconceptions associated with Indian companies,"
said Sandhya Satwadi, director and head, CII.Key findings:* 70 per cent of surveyed companies have increased the number of employees since 2005, despite the US economic downturn;*
More than 34 per cent of the surveyed companies have established
manufacturing facilities in the US, investing more than $820 million in
those facilities;*
Since 2005, the surveyed companies have collectively conducted 72
mergers and acquisitions in the US, saving, creating and sustaining
thousands of jobs;* Their collective revenues for 2010-2011 were more than $23 billion*
Projected research and development investments of the surveyed
companies are estimated to be over $190 million in 2012 alone; and* Nearly 65 per cent of companies surveyed engage in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives,*
These include programmes that support 27 universities, community
colleges and high schools in developing curriculum, establishing
training programmes and encouraging
Science-Technology-Engineering-Mathematics (STEM) education.CII's
survey respondents, consisting of 36 Indian companies, represent
sectors including education, financial services, healthcare
pharmaceuticals and life sciences, information technology,
manufacturing, media and telecommunications.
India is developing into an open-market economy, yet traces of its past
autarkic policies remain. Economic liberalization, including industrial
deregulation, privatization of state-owned enterprises, and reduced
controls on foreign trade and investment, began in the early 1990s and
has served to accelerate the country's growth, which has averaged more
than 7% per year since 1997. India's diverse economy encompasses
traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide
range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Slightly more
than half of the work force is in agriculture, but services are the
major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half of
India's output, with only one-third of its labor force. India has
capitalized on its large educated English-speaking population to become a
major exporter of information technology services and software workers.
In 2010, the Indian economy rebounded robustly from the global
financial crisis - in large part because of strong domestic demand - and
growth exceeded 8% year-on-year in real terms. However, India's
economic growth in 2011 slowed because of persistently high inflation
and interest rates and little progress on economic reforms. High
international crude prices have exacerbated the government's fuel
subsidy expenditures contributing to a higher fiscal deficit, and a
worsening current account deficit. Little economic reform took place in
2011 largely due to courruption scandals that have slowed legislative
work. India's medium-term growth outlook is positive due to a young
population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and
investment rates, and increasing integration into the global economy.
India has many long-term challenges that it has not yet fully addressed,
including widespread poverty, inadequate physical and social
infrastructure, limited non-agricultural employment opportunities,
insufficient access to quality basic and higher education, and
accommodating rural-to-urban migration. GDP (purchasing power parity): $4.463 trillion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 4
50.6% of GDP (2010 est.) note: data cover central
government debt, and exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by
Government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury
debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by
subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt;
intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses
in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and
unemployment; Debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at
public auctions [see also: Public debt country ranks ] Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.8% (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 148
$225.6 billion (2010 est.) [see also: Exports country ranks ] Exports - commodities: petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel Exports - partners: US 12.6%, UAE 12.2%, China 8.1%, Hong Kong 4.1% (2010) Imports: $451 billion (2011 est.) country comparison to the world: 13
(L-R) Brazilian President Dilma
Roussef, Russian President Vladimir Putin,Indian Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh, Chinese President Hu Jintao and South African President Jacob
Zuma pose for group photo in Los Cabos, Mexico. AFP Photo/Ria-Novosti
Pool/Alexei nikolsky
India has pledged $10 billion to the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) to help Eurozone countries out of the
current crisis and prevent adverse fallout on emerging economies. "The
International Monetary Fund has a critical, supportive role to play in
stabilizing the Eurozone. All members must help the fund to play this
role," the prime minister told the G20 Summit in Los Cabos.
"I am happy to announce India has
decided to contribute $10 billion to IMF's additional firewall of $430
billion," he said, also appealing to countries with surpluses such as
China to make similar contributions.
The prime minister began by
congratulating the new government in Greece that is about to take
office, as it has given hope that the debt-laden country will stay in
the Eurozone and take up critical reforms.
"We wish them well and are encouraged by the early statements of intent."
He, nevertheless, said the crisis in
Eurozone remained worrying, as it was pulling down even emerging
economies such as India and China, which were earlier on a high growth
path.
"This calls for policy action on
several fronts. Of greatest concern at present is the uncertainty
affecting the Eurozone. The sovereign debt crisis and the banking crisis
now on the horizon have grave implications for the health of the entire
global economy."
The prime minister again laid emphasis
on infrastructure investment as he had in earlier G20 Summits, saying
less developed and emerging economies were also facing serious problems
because of the global crisis.
"Infrastructure investment in
developing countries assumes special importance in this context. It lays
the foundation for rapid growth in the longer term, while providing an
immediate stimulus for their economies and also for the global economy,
by providing a robust source of demand."
But more infrastructure investment in
developing world is only possible if they get access to long-term
capital, he said, adding: "Multilateral development banks can play a
major role in this context."
Efforts were underway in India to spruce up infrastructure with massive investment and ambitious targets, he said.
The prime minister said while the
performance of the Indian economy, now growing at 6.9% as against 8.4%
in 2010-11, may look good to the world outside, it was not enough and
that citizens expected more.
"Yet the fundamentals of the Indian
economy remain strong and we are confident of bringing back the rhythm
of high growth of 8-9% per annum."
NEHRU WONT HAVE BELIEVED IN 1960; INDIA AIDING EUROPE IN 2012 NOR I BELIEVED INDIA WILL HAVE ROCKETS/NUCLEAR BOMBS IN 1950 WHEN WE WERE IMPORTING SAFETY PINS/PENCILS/CYCLES/CARS
‘Nehru: India marching to prosperity; Big projects a symbol of our resolve,' (see story below)
Budhni inaugurating the power station at the Panchet dam in December
1959. Photo: Nehru Memorial Museum And Library, New Delhi .when
Budhni returned to her village, Karbona, the village elders told her
that by garlanding Nehru at the function she had in effect married him.
Since the Prime Minister was not a Santhal, she was no longer a part of
the community. She was told to leave the village. The inflexibility of
the community ensured that the excommunication was complete.
The youngster was given shelter by a
resident of Panchet, Sudhir Dutta, from whom it was said she had a
daughter, born to a destiny of exile like her mother. In 1962, Budhni
was fired from her job at DVC and reduced to doing odd jobs.
In the 1980s, she travelled to Delhi.
She met the then Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, grandson of the Prime
Minister she had garlanded, with a request: she wanted to be reinstated
at DVC.
The last trace of Budhni was found in a
2001 news report uploaded on the website www.ambedkar.org. Headlined
‘Tribal ‘ wife' of Nehru is outcast, driven to poverty' it recounted
these details of Budhni's life. Stating that the 58-year-old was working
at DVC, the report quoted Budhni as saying, “I wish they would allow me
to go back to Karbona.
WASHINGTON: Indian IT companies
supported as many as 2.8 lakh jobs in America last year amid a gloomy
employment scenario in the US and have invested a whopping over five
billion dollars in FDI through acquisitions and green-field projects,
according to India's top envoy here.
Addressing the Asia Society here yesterday, Indian Ambassador to the US, Nirupama Rao
said, "Our IT companies supported 280,000 jobs in the US last year.
"The IT companies have invested more than 5 billion dollars in FDI
through acquisitions and green-field projects."
"The unemployment rate in the tech-space in this country is much lower
than in manufacturing and that is where the effort is concentrated we
believe today -- to go back the jobs in manufacturing to this country,"
she said.
Acknowledging that India's trade and economic relationship with the US
has not scaled the heights reached in US trade and economic ties with
China, she said there are goals yet to be achieved in this area.
"The voices of Indian companies and business interests are often
unheard in the audio stream of voices from the US side who are
constantly urging India to 'do more' on the reform front," she said.
In this crescendo from the American side, is the political economy and
anthropology of India understood sufficiently? she asked. "There is no
question of the tide of economic reform in India being reversed."
"Look at the history of reform in India from 1991 onwards. Successive
governments have come and gone, but the direction of reform has not
been reversed, ever," she said.
"Do not take us at face value. When the chips are down, our system
responds very well. As our Prime Minister told Secretary Clinton when
they met in Delhi in May, 'the message I would like you to carry is
that India remains open, and the climate (of reform) will not be
disrupted'. The India Story is definitely not over," the Ambassador
said.
WASHINGTON:
India's tech industry ponied up more than $ 22 billion in US federal,
state, and local taxes in the 2011-2015 time frame even as its $ 2
billion investment in America supported more than 410,000 jobs in the
US, a new report by India's
3 hours ago - The five-year
plan, a relic of Nehru-era economic policy, will officially be buried
as the Niti Aayog's governing council is likely to approve the ...
by U Dadush·2010·Cited by 125 —3Dominic WilsonandRoopa Purushothaman, “DreamingwithBRICs: ThePathto2050,” Goldman Sachs,Global.Economics Paper 99,October 2003.
29 pages
Although the United States will
be number two in 2050, its economy will be much smaller than China's.
Goldman Sachs projects that China's GDP should match America's by 2027,
and then steadily pull ahead. The collective GDP of the four leading
developing countries (the BRICs--Brazil, Russia, India, and China) is
likely to match that of today's leading Western nations by 2032. The
World Bank predicts that the U.S. dollar will lose its global dominance
by 2025 as the dollar, euro, and China's renminbi become co-equals in a
"multi-currency" monetary system.
comment:-
5 year plans gave a foundation on which to build India
On October 1st, 2019, the Atlantic Council's South Asia Center hosted a roundtable conversation with Dr. Subrahmanyam ...
I AM HAPPY INDIA IS NOW 3 RD IN WORLD-ON THE WAY UP{1943- 2022} MUST PINCH MYSELF TO BELIEVE ;THIS IS NOT A DREAM BUT REAL I NEVER THOUGHT WHEN I SUFFERED UNDER MONSTER WINSTON CHURCHILL'S FAMINE 1943 THAT INDIA WILL BE SO GREAT IN 2022
23 hours ago — Singling out Shailesh Chandra and his passenger vehicle team for praise, Chandrasekaran said the team excelled because of the "attitude to win.
29-Mar-2019 — The Bengal famine of 1943 was the only one in modern Indian history not to occur as a result of serious drought, according to a study that ...
Indian startups have raised over $10 billion for three consecutive quarters now,
with the world's third-largest startup ecosystem garnering $10.8
billion in the first quarter of calendar 2022, a report by PwC India
showed.3 hours ago
Our Journey - Indian Air Force: Touch The Sky With Glory
The Indian Air Force was officially established on 8 October 1932. Its first ac flight came into being on 01 Apr 1933 with six RAF-trained officers and 19 ...
WHEN POOR INDIA 1958- COULD NOT AFFORD TO BUY MACHINES
Indian startups have raised over $10 billion for three consecutive quarters now,
with the world's third-largest startup ecosystem garnering $10.8
billion in the first quarter of calendar 2022, a report by PwC India
showed.3 hours ago
Vallabhbhai patel got his
first opportunity to utilize Gandhiji's philosophy of satyagraha in 1918
for the farmers of Kaira who had lost their crops to heavy rains and floods
that year. The government disregarded the farmers' misery and insisted
on collecting land revenue. Vallabhbhai organized the No Tax campaign on
peaceful, Gandhian lines. The government held out and began confiscating
land and what little crops and cattle the farmers still had. Vallabhbhai,
now decked in a dhoti, kurta and cap urged the farmers not to buckle. The
government eventually relented and returned the confiscated property. This
was the first victory of satyagraha for Vallabhbhai. He was jubilant. 
Raleigh advert from 1940.
WERE MADE OUTSIDE INDIA .
this
song made at that time shows it all;shoe from japan,dress from england
;hat from russi(Russia);Then imports were cut down drastically and MAKE IN INDIA was made the policy
5:03
AND
NAMED IT HINDUSTAN IN 1951
(STILL LATER RENAMED IT AS AMBASSADOR) 
Hindustan Landmaster model
. 
PPT - Battle of Khemkaran PowerPoint ...
PL-480,
or Public Law 480 is a law signed by President Eisenhower in 1954. It
is also known as "Food for Peace" because it is the funding avenue by
which US food can be used for overseas aid.
By June 15, the number of refugees had gone up to 5.8 million, of whom 3.7 million were living in camps.
Indian T-55 tanks on their way to Dhaka The United States supported Pakistan both politically and materially. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran.while
also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The
Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the "genocidal"
activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram. This prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by Congress and in the international press. When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon ordered the USS Enterprise 
USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal. The Enterprise arrived on station on 11 December 1971. It has been documented that Nixon even persuaded Iran and Jordan to send their F-86, F-104 and F-5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan. On 6 December and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of ships
ON
The truth about the Nizam and his gold ...
Raleigh advert from 1940.
Hindustan Aircraft Factory, Bangalore ...Product
Brigadier Sagat Singh of India's Maroon ...
en.wikipedia.org&tbnid=6hMlow4eCK3IAM&vet=12ahUKEwjs8OTx_ObsAhWBw3MBHUI-De0QMygCegQIARAa..i&docid=aVgLz52ps0lNdM&w=220&h=279&q=1962%20%20the%20U.S.%20carrier%20force%2C%20USS%20Enterprise%2C%20%20%20%20%20%20%20steamed%20not%20towards%20the%20East%20or%20South%20China%20Sea%20but%20towards%20the%20Bay%20of%20Bengal%20to%20serve%20as%20a%20psychologica&client=ubuntu&ved=2ahUKEwjs8OTx_ObsAhWBw3MBHUI-De0QMygCegQIARAa)
PL-480,
or Public Law 480 is a law signed by President Eisenhower in 1954. It
is also known as "Food for Peace" because it is the funding avenue by
which US food can be used for overseas aid.
1960 Press Photo President Eisenhower ...
93,000 Pakistani POWs After 1971 War
INDIA 1947 WAS A DIVIDED COUNTRY- RULING colonialist ,used a willing pawn[Jinnah], to form Pakistan, WISHING TO CONTINUE THE 'DIVIDE and RULE' POLICY,[ but failed]
FAMINE IN DELHI UNDER BRITISH RULE
UNDER BRITISH RULE- BANGALORE FAMINE
FAMINE(UNDER BRITISH RULE) IN JABALPORE
FAMINE(UNDER BRITISH) IN AHMEDABAD -GUJARAT http://pazhayathu.blogspot.com/2010/05/15-famines-under-british-rule-indians.html
BENGAL FAMINE
MAHATMA GANDHI AT AN OPEN AIR MEETING
Chamber of Princes [photo 1932 chamber of Indian princess]
In 1947, India was a ‘feudal’ society with more than 500 Kings and (some) Queens at the time of Independence. (No, the British did not rule over all of modern India). Large parts of India also had to change from a colonial mindset.)
INDIA OF 1500:- 
THANKS TO NORWAY FOR HELP IN FISHING PROJECTS IN KERALA AND OTHER COASTAL AREAS
Government officials outside the Council Room in the Vicerory's House,
New Delhi, shortly before their swearing-in ceremony. (L to r) Mr.
Sarat Chandra Boseelder brother of Subhas Chandra Bose.; Mr. Jagjivan Ram; Dr. Rajendra Prasad; Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel; Mr. Asaf Ali; Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru; Mr syed Ali
Zahee. 
BOMBAY(MUMBAI)1904
REFUGEES 1947
In a role reversal that will tickle most of India’s policymakers of the 1990s, it’s
India’s turn to hand out monetary aid to Europe, a far cry from 20
years ago when India had to approach the IMF, begging bowl
in hand. The government on Tuesday sought parliamentary approval to
provide R9,003 crore (over $2 billion) as aid to debt-stricken Europe.
On the face of it, this paints a great picture for India, which has
gone from strength to strength in the economic sphere, while the
dominant European economies have faltered and stumbled. Basically, from
the days of seeking aid, we have graduated to giving aid to those whom
we were earlier petitioning. But it is also heartening to see that this
gesture (at only $2 billion, that’s all it is) hasn’t been accompanied
by self-righteous chest-thumping, as if we were doing Europe a favour. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ON 
has described it as "significant -- and to British readers -- distressing."
