Tuesday, March 19, 2013

Railway Scenes

 


http://www.docbrown.info/docspics/nymr/DieselGala2011.htm
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 The Conwy valley line
 
 http://www.penmorfa.com/Conwy/two.htm

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  Picture of the Day 1 March 2007
56098 is seen at Wansford on the Nene Valley Railway during another popular 'night shoots' using three preserved Class 56's.
Photo: Glen Flurry
Picture of the Day 2 March 2007
More Class 66's are currently being produced for the European Market, during early March Two more Polish class 66's are pushed from ITS Rail's Welland Ontario plant towards the CN Rail interchange for shipment to Europe.

Kevin Argue

  Picture of the Day 3 March 2007
Riviera Trains 47853 "Rail Express" and 47843 "Vulcan" substituted for The Blue Pullman on the 1st March 2007 with The Great Briton set. The luncheon charter ran from Victoria to Wimbledon, and was captured on the return leg approaching London Victoria at Grosvenor

Nathan Williamson
  Picture of the Day 4 March 2007
Steam Locomotives are beginning to gather on the West Somerset Railway in preparation for their Spring Gala Weekends.
On the 3rd of March 34007 'Wadebridge' is seen being being shunted by Foxcote Manor ready for it's move to Williton.
Phil Izzard
 
Picture of the Day 5 March 2007
On the 3rd March a southbound BNSF stack train emerges from the classic Southern Californian view of Tunnel 10 in the Tehachapi Mountains after some five inches of overnight snow. Snow very very seldom falls in the area of the 'Loop' and when it does it melts in a very short time. This shot was certainly worth the effort.
Colin J Marsden
 
Picture of the Day 6 March 2007
Large engineering works are currently in full swing at Edinburgh Waverly. When finished the station should be able to handle more trains. New platforms and through roads have been created to allow more efficient use of the space available at one of Scotland's busiest stations
Steve Smith
 
Picture of the Day 7th March 2007
It's not inconceivable to think that this image could have been taken in 2007 had the Class 50's not been withdrawn from mainline service. Perhaps this 'artists impression' detailing a slightly garish version of First Great Western blue may give an idea of how things could have looked on a Class 50.
Sam Felce
 
Picture of the Day 8 March 2007
On the 6th March 47840 'North Star' is seen working back in the West Country passing through the flooded fields of Exminster. working the 5Z47 0937 Derby Litchurch Lane to Laira with newly refurbished Mk3 HST stock in tow.
Glen Bowden
  Picture of the Day 9 March 2007
37611 leads 37607 through Morley (near Leeds) operating the 1Z92 08:30 Crewe-Derby via Diggle and York Network Rail Test Train, on the 8th of March.
Mark Allatt
 
Picture of the Day 10 March 2007
On Saturday the 20th March 20313 leads 20314 and 202315 past Needham Mkt with 'The Twenty/Twenty Vision' operated by Pathfinder Raitours. The1Z20 Crewe - Sizewell was also helped in the East Anglian Reigon by DRS 47501.
Oli Smith
  Picture of the Day 11 March 2007
The Gloucestershire and Warwickshire Railway is well known for it's pair of operational 37's. 37214 is seen oposite nearing Toddington on during the 2004 operating season. This Summer season will see the fleet boosted by visiting 37219 from the Chasewater Railway. The loco has recently been restored and by the Growler Group and will be working on the GWR during the Summer Season.
Brian Garrett
  Picture of the Day 12 March 2007
319435 is the latest First Capital Connect Class 319/4 to have been refurbished and reliveried at Wolverton, it's seen in Bedford Cauldwell Depot on 10 March 2007, when it was named 'Adrian Jackson-Robbins 1987-2007 Chair of the Association of Passenger Transport Users'.
Brian Morrison
  Picture of the Day 13 March 2007
8F 48151 is seen passing Plean while operating a Carnforth - Inverness private charter. 37248 from West Coast Railways is seen on the rear of the train.
James Young
 
Picture of the Day 14 March 2007
Just west of London, Ontario, Canada at Dicky Lane, Canadian National Nos. 2665 (Dash9) and 5656 (SD75I) power an eastbound manifest bound for Toronto on 13 February 2007. In the background a Canadian Pacific manifest freight also heads towards London.
Colin J. Marsden
 
Picture of the Day 15 March 2007

Freightliner Heavy Haul No. 66605 passes Cholsey on the Great Western main line on 13 March 20-07 powering train 6B11 from Thorney Mill to Hackney Yard (Newton Abbot) formed of new JGA bogie hopper wagons, which have taken over from the recently displaced 4-wheel PGA wagons.
Martin Blois
  Picture of the Day 16 March 2007
On 15 March 2007 West Coast Railway Class 33s Nos. 33207 and 33029 powered the 'Royal Scotsman' stock together with TPO No. 80382 from Carnforth to Bo'ness. The train is seen near Greenhill.

Jim Young
  Picture of the Day 17 March 2007
After a long wait, the Bodmin Diesel Group finally took delivery of Class 47/3 No. 47306 'The Sapper' on 17 March 2007, after it was hauled from St Bazey by Class 66 No. 66187. The loco is seen in the exchange sidings at Bodmin Parkway.

Bodmin Diesel Group
  Picture of the Day 18 March 2007
The Stratford 47 Group's No. 47596 was launched into traffic for the first time on 16 March 2007, at its new home on the Mid Norfolk Railway.Repainted into a variation of BR Blue with silver roof, the loco is seen running round its stock at Dereham, at the lines Spring Diesel Gala. No. 20069 is in the background.

Oli Smith
  Picture of the Day 19 March 2007

DRS Class 47/4 No. 47501 departs from Ashford (Kent) and passes Chart Leacon on 19 March 2007 powering train 6Z47, the 13.30 Ashford Plant Depot to Doncaster via Wembley formed of Stoneblower DR80217.
Brian Stephenson
  Picture of the Day 20 March 2007
After unveiling at Glasgow Queen Street on 29 March, FSR Class 170s Nos. 170420 and 170421 in 'Back the Bid' 2014 Commonwealth Games livery formed the 10.45 to Edinburgh. The return working led by No. 170421 is seen at Lenzie.

Alastair Blackwood
  Picture of the Day 21 March 2007
DRS Class 37/6 Nos. 37608 and 37607 'top and tail' the Network Rail track test train forming a Derby to Derby via York run on 17 March 2007. The train is seen at Old Denaby (Mexborough).

David Cooper
  Picture of the Day 22 March 2007
In a positioning move for a week of steam action in the West, 'Black Five' No. 45407 operated light from the East Lancs Railway to St Blazey on 22 March 2007. In declining light, the loco and one support coach pass through Dawlish.
Colin J. Marsden
  Picture of the Day 23 March 2007
We go to the Isle of Wight for todays picture. Showing a scene about to change with new liveries for the lines six units. Set 008 approaches Ryde St Johns with a service for Ryde Pier on 23 March 2007.
Colin J. Marsden
  Picture of the Day 24 March 2007
Preserved Class 86/1 No. 86101 Sir William Stainer FRS made its debut with a main line passenger train on 24 March 2007. Powering the Carlisle - Crewe leg of a Compass Railtour from Carlisle to Holyhead. The immaculate BR rail blue loco is seen storming through Warrington Bank Quay.
Tom Mcatee
  Picture of the Day 25 March 2007
This is the first view of the stunning new Kansas City Southern de Mexico 'heritage' livery applied to General Electric ES44AC No. 4650. It is expected that all new locos from both GE and EMDD will emerge in this livery, for both the US and Mexican operations of KCS.

KCS
  Picture of the Day 26 March 2007
GBRf-operated No. 47840 North Star was used to power six FGW Mk3 HST carriages from Laira depot to Bombardier Derby via London and Ilford on 26 March 2007. The train, which departed Laira at 12.08, is seen approaching Teignmouth.

Colin J. Marsden
  Picture of the Day 27 March 2007
A location not frequently photographed is Colchester Town. On 26 March 2007, 'one' Railway Class 321 No. 321359 departs from the station with the 12.45 Walton-on-Naze to Colchester North service.

John Binch
  Picture of the Day 28 March 2007
DRS Class 66/4s Nos. 66406 and 66408 pass along the sea wall at Dawlish on 28 March 2007 hauling two flask support vehicles from Carlisle to Devonport Dockyard. The consist returned north with a high-capacity MoD flask train.
Colin J. Marsden
  Picture of the Day 29 March 2007
Freightliner Class 86s have staged a comeback in East Anglia recently. Normally two or three pairs work into the area daily. Usually a solid Class 90 turn 4M88 from Felixstowe to Crewe has reverted back to a pair of Class 86s this past week. Nos. 86607/627 are seen passing Kelvedon, Essex, on 27 March 2007.
Michael J. Collins
  Picture of the Day 30 March 2007

Hauling a rake of new DRS high-capacity coal hoppers of type HYA, Class 66/7 No. 66714 powers train 6H93 from Tyne Dock to Drax power station past Hawthorn on the Durham Coast line on 23 March 2007.


Ken Short
  Picture of the Day 31 March 2007
DRS Class 37/0 No. 37069 passes through the woods between Pluckley and Chart Leacon with train 6Z47 from Doncaster Marshgate to Ashford on 27 August 2007 hauling a Stoneblower for repair.

Brian Stephenson
 

Steam Locomotives of the Canadian Locomotive Company
Page 2
Canadian Locomotive Company Limited was incorporated federally June 9, 1911.
CPR 1835 N3a Cyl. 23 ½ x 32 Drv. 63" 180lbs. 42900 t.e. eng.weight 221800 total 369800 #1000 10/11
CLC-Henderson/Don McQueen collection.
This 2-8-0 was part of an order for twenty engines (1820-1839), the first order for the new locomotive company and the 1000th. built at Kingston. This was the only CPR order for N class 2-8-0's built by CLC; most of the 161 engines were built by MLW, 10 by little Canada Foundry in Toronto and 1 by the CPR. Hundreds of Consolidation type locomotives were built for and by the CPR as well as for many other railways large and small. It was the main freight locomotive until the 2-8-2 came along.

Re# 3835 in 9/12, it was rebuilt May 1928 into N2a 3635 and then rebuilt into 2-8-2 5243 in March 1949.
CLC and MLW shared many orders from the CPR, which also built many of its own engines. Even little Canada Foundry got some orders. The larger Montreal Locomotive Works got a bigger share of these orders simply because they could build more engines. Regardless of who built them they were all identical locomotives, you could not tell one from the other without looking at the builder's plate. The CPR was big on "standard" designs and parts, although this is not say that certain components did not vary sometimes as a method of evaluating the performance of such things as stokers etc. Differences that were easily noticed came about as a result of changes over the years such as location of make of headlight, pilot or footboards etc. Alterations to tenders to increase coal capacity or replacement with tenders off other classes of engines were another noticeable feature of many engines.
These 2-8-0's underwent change as part of a major rebuild program the CPR undertook between 1923 and 1930 that saw all 161 engines (3800-3960) receive new frames, cylinders and motion, with some receiving enclosed vestibule cabs. None received mechanical stokers but some were oil fired. Renumbered 3600-3760.
N2a 3600-3760 23 x 32 63" 190# 43400 t.e. 236000* 375000* .5000 gal. 12 tons tender
.................................................Vestibule cab 240000* 471000* 10,000 gal. 16tons tender
NOTE: While the two photographs below are of locomotives built by Canada Foundry in Toronto, they are good examples of these 2-8-0's over the years and are identical to those built by CLC and MLW.
CPR 3958 N3c Canada Foundry #1000 1/14 Re# 3758 (see 3757 next)
October 29, 1927 Calgary. BC Archives/Bordertown Collection G-05995

Part of an order of ten engines (3951-3960) from Canada Foundry in Toronto.
Note cylinder slanted for inside admission. Vestibule cab.
CPR N2a 3757 small tender 5,000 gallons Note extremely high coal boards!
Filthy locomotive c.1949 Calgary. BC Archives/Bordertown Collection I-46243

They were further rebuilt; "remanufactured" would be a more correct term such as used in the diesel era, when many were changed into more modern 2-8-2's equipped new boilers and larger tenders with stokers. This finally overcame a problem with the N2 class; simply stated they were under-boilered. The two "engines" could consume steam faster than the boiler could produce it, no matter how much the fireman shoveled. Nearly 100 N2 class 2-8-0's remained when the program was ended with only 65 engines completed (25 in 1949) by December 1949. Only 8 (out of 20) were originally CLC built. Except for six new Selkirks delivered by MLW in February and March, 1949, steam ended in 1948 with CLC G5 1301 and MLW G3 class 2472 Pacifics.
P1n 5200-5264 22 x 32 63" 215# 271000 509000 45000 (10000 gal. 18 tons)

CNoR 2134 Cyl. 23x26 Drv. 57" Pres.170# 34,800 t.e.166 tons working order eng. and tender #1052 7/12
CLC/Don Mc.Queen collection
One of 25 (2130-2154) Consolidation type locomotives ordered by Canadian Northern. Became CNR 2134.

CNR 2141 became known for hauling the last steam-powered train on Vancouver Island.
It was later put on park display in Kamloops. Old Time Trains Archives
It has recently been restored to operation for tourist trains in Kamloops BC.
 
ACR 38 Cyl. 22x28 Drv. 56" 200# 41,100 t.e. Weights 100 tons and 151 tons working order eng. and tender. #1094 3/13. CLC-Henderson/National Archives of Canada
One of five 2-8-0's (38-42) ordered by Algoma Central & Hudson Bay.
(These engines were identical to ICR 201-205, which became CNR 2180-2184).
AC 40 in the Soo, 1937. Harold K. Vollrath/Collection of Wayne V. Brittain
John B. Smith & Sons Ltd. 4 0-4-0T Cyl.13x18 Drv. 36" 165# t.e 11,840 #1217 5/16
weight in working order 30 tons. One ton coal, 999 gallons water. CLC/Don McQueen
This was a typical "dinky" engine used by contractors and industries, a saddletanker. It was one of six identical engines built for stock to have on hand for immediate delivery when ordered. What was not typical about this engine was the added diamond stack to catch sparks account working in a lumber mill in Callander, Ontario. It is interesting to note that when they were ready to replace the steam locomotive with a diesel in 1946 they turned to GE for a little 25-tonner like so many other industries did thus depriving CLC of an order. The mill closed in 1960 and diesel dinky number 6 was acquired by dealer Andrew Merrilees Ltd. and eventually resold in December 1970.
PGE 55 Cyl. 22x28 Drv. 57" 180# 36,380 t.e. Total weight 172 tons. #1246 9/14
CLC-Henderson/Don McQueen collection.
Four oil-fired 2-8-0's (53-56) were ordered in 1914 as the small Pacific Great Eastern built north.
First engine (#1242 7/14) sold to PGE is shown here at Alta Lake BC hauling train Number 1.
Later, it was lost in Seton Lake due to an avalanche Jan.23, 1950.
Note the pole chained to the pilot for polling cars by in switching moves.
Public Archives British Columbia/Bordertown Collection
T&NO 141-146 Cyl. 25x30 Drv.63" 180# 45530 t.e. total weight 202 tons. #1350 11/16
These were CLC's first 2-8-2 type built. Repeat orders brought the total to 17 Mikado types.
These engines were hand-fired and were equipped with Russian-style enclosed cabs.
146 was modified with Young valve gear instead of Walschaerts. It later received Baker valve gear.
CLC/Don McQueen Collection
The next order for 2-8-2's was a large order of 50 engines for the Canadian Government's new National Transcontinental Railway. Another 50 engines quickly followed the next year and a further and final 60 after that. Many went to the ICR and GTP as well as the NTR, while others were leased to the GTR. All wound up on the CNR, eventually rostering 400 of these 2-8-2's.
CGR 2800-2899 (CNR 3200-3299)
CGR 2900-2930 built by MLW
CGR 2930-2989 (CNR 3330-3389)
……………….. (CNR 3390-3404)
GTR 500-599 (CNR 3405-3504) Schenectady-Baldwin-Montreal
GTR 485-494 (CNR 3505-3514)
………………(CNR 3515-3559) Schenectady-Montreal
……………. ..(CNR 3560-3569)
……………. . (CNR 3570-3599)
CGR 2846 Cyl. 27x30 Drv. 63" 180# 53100 t.e. total weight 222 tons. #1399 4/17
Built with all-weather cab and hand-fired. Later equipped with mechanical stoker.
CLC/Don McQueen Collection
Locomotive 9 of contract number 538 (marked on smokebox) is one of ten 0-6-0 switchers being built for Canadian Northern Rolling Stock Ltd. to become Canadian Northern 408 #1533 9/18 (later, CNR 7367). CLC/National Museum of Science & Technology
 
CNR 425 (410-434) Cylinders 21"x26", drivers 51" diameter, boiler pressure 180 psi
tractive effort 34,400 lbs. engine weight 77 tons #1610 11/1919
CLC/National Museum of Science & Technology (now, Canada Science and Technology Museum)
One of 25 0-6-0's ordered by Canadian Northern, they were the first CLC engines delivered lettered for Canadian National. They were identical to a previous order of 10 by Canadian Government Railways for Canadian Northern. Renumbered CN 7369-7393. These locomotives lasted until the last decade of steam.
Two more orders for 20 and 10 0-6-0's begun by CNoR soon followed with delivery to Canadian National. There had also been several prior orders by CNoR and GTR for 0-6-0's that were absorbed into CNR along with those of other builders both before and after creation of the Canadian National Railways.
CNR 6000 Cyl. 26x30 drv. 73" 210# t.e 49,600 total weight in working order 288 tons. #1696 6/23
CLC/Bill Thomson collection
One of 16 4-8-2's these were CLC and CNR's first Mountain type. They were the most powerful passenger engine in Canada when built and so successful that five more orders followed to a grand total of 79 engines.


CNR 4100 Cyl. 29x32 drv. 57" press. 200 lbs. Rated at 80,265 t.e. with a further 11,470 for the booster. Engine and tender in working order totaled 327 ½ tons. #1759 9/24
Shown at Brockville, likely on September 4, 1924, delivery day.
Don McQueen collection.
CNR 4104 assisting Extra 6156 East with 72 cars up Danforth, 10.15 a.m. July 7, 1952. Al Paterson
One of five 2-10-2's they were the first CLC Santa Fe types but not the first for the CNR. Ordered especially for heavy transfer and helper service in the Toronto Terminals area, from Mimico yard eastward through Bathurst Street yard included a 1.2 per cent grade to Danforth yard and Scarboro Junction. A westward helper grade of 0.6 per cent between Port Union and Scarboro Jct. (7 ½ miles) was also worked by these engines. More powerful than any other 2-10-2's in Canada, they were the most powerful locomotives in the British Empire at the time. They were also the heaviest until 1929 when the CPR's 2-10-4 Selkirk types were built
Old Time Trains Archives
A few years later, 33 more 2-10-2's went to CNR. 10 were built as oil burners, the rest had Standard stokers all of which were converted to oil about 20 years later. These were nearly 50 tons lighter and had 20,000 lbs. less tractive effort. Algoma Central added on two engines to this order. They were ACR's only Santa Fe types.

CNR 6100 Cyl. 25 ½ x 30 drv. 73" 250# 56,800 t.e. total weight 325 tons. #1800 6/27
10 were equipped with 12900 lb.t.e. booster engine, others were applied later.
All were built with Duplex stokers, later some were changed to HT stokers.
CLC/Kingston Historical Society
Part of an order for twenty engines, it was the first 4-8-4 Northern type built in Canada, and was followed by large numbers of these popular dual service (freight or passenger) engines. Originally named Confederation type to honour the 60th anniversary of the Confederation of Canada, July 1, 1867.
CNR 6189 (#1969 9/40) last 6100 series 4-8-4 passing Hyde Park just west of London.
Charles Joyes/Don Mc.Queen collection.
EDBC 73 Cyl. 22x28" Drv.56" 190# t.e.39,140 total weight working order 180 tons #1821 10/27
The only preserved NAR steam locomotive was built for predecessor Edmonton, Dunvegan & British Columbia. Retired in August 1960 it was later donated to the Alberta Pioneer Railway Association who operated it for a time at their museum. It had been converted to oil in August 1952. It was one of three identical engines delivered the same day, Pembina Valley 72, ED&BC 73 and 74. These became NAR 72-74 Signature Studios
Bigger and stronger switch engines were needed as trains grew in size and weight, so railways turned to 0-8-0's, some new, some converted from 2-8-0's. In other instances 2-8-0's were equipped for yard service with pilots replaced by footboards front and back, a rear headlight applied and a fire hose added.
CNR 8350-8359 Cyl. 22x28 Drv. 51" 220# 49700 t.e. eng.wt.113tons total 192 tons #1837 2/29
CLC/Don McQueen collection
CNR 8352 at Bathurst Street, August 1957. Note the CPR engine on King Street lead. Don Mc.Cartney
Beauharnois Construction 114 0-4-0T Cyl. 15x22 Drv. 42" 170# 17,000 t.e. 43 tons. #1867 3/30
CLC/Don Mc.Queen Collection
These 14 engines were the largest order for saddletank engines and were some of the largest and most powerful 0-4-0T's built. Miniature road engines, they were equipped with Walschaerts valve gear and were superheated, both uncommon features for "dinky" engines. Only one still exists and it is being restored for operation.


Steam Locomotives of the Canadian Locomotive Company
Page 3
Extra 5368 West crossing Sixteen Mile Creek Oakville August 3/1957 Dick George
CPR 5360-5379 Cyl. 23x32 Drv. 63" 250# 57,100 t.e. total weight in working order 277 tons.
These engines were the first P2's built with multiple throttles which provided a rapid response.
Beginning in 1919 the CPR built ten P2 class heavy 2-8-2 Mikado type engines, bigger and more powerful than exisitng P1 class 2-8-2's they were used primarily for freight but also for heavy passenger trains just as were the P1's. Repeat orders to MLW and CLC continued for many years, eventually totalling 174 engines; later models were more modern semi-streamlined locomotives built between 1940 and 1948. These were the best heavy freight engines the CPR had and were designed for 65mph. They were built with a variety of stokers, BK, D1 and HT. Selkirk 2-10-4 types were more powerful however, their heavy weight restricted where they could be used.

5425 westbound at Sixteen Mile Creek, Oakville.
Steam at Oakville

NAR 101 Cyl. 24x28" Drv. 56" 200# 49,000 t.e. 199 tons in working order. #1898 8/30
CLC/Queen's University Archives
This was the only NAR order for any builder. These two engines were the last Decapods built by CLC, an old wheel arrangement that was somewhat obsolete by this time. NAR had no engines with a trailing truck except for a late acquisition of a used 4-6-2 from the CPR, 50% owner along with CNR. Equipped with Standard stokers they were later converted to oil as were all NAR steam locomotives. They followed a number of earlier 2-10-0's built for predecessor railways.


T&NO 144 Cyl. 22x30" Drv.57" 180# t.e. 45,000 #1902 10/30
Late 2-8-0's were Temiskaming & Northern Ontario 141-144 These became ONR 500-503.
One has been preserved in North Bay. William R. Folder

Other late Consolidations were Algoma Eastern 55 and 56 built 1/21,
which became CPR 3955 and 3956; and Roberval & Saguenay 16-17 (below).

CPR 6607 Cyl. 22 ½ x 32 drv. 58" 250# 59,400 t.e. (60%) 234 tons in working order. #1910 1/31
CLC/Queen's University Archives
An order of only ten out of a proposed 30 0-8-0's these were the most powerful switch engines on a Canadian railway. Modern engines, 250 pounds of boiler pressure with multiple throttle for rapid response and a vestibule cab, although still hand-fired.
T&NO's 1100 Cyl.22 1/2x30 Drv. 69" 275# 54,500 t.e. plus booster 326 tons #1919 6/36
CLC/Bill Thomson collection.
Two orders for two engines each in the middle of the Great Depression was a boost for employment as well as an improvement for the Ontario government's own railway. These were the biggest T&NO engines and the biggest for a Canadian railway other than the two major ones, CNR and CPR.

RS 16 Cyl. 23x30 Drv. 57" 200# 47300 t.e. 201 tons working order. #1923 6/37
CLC/Queens University Archives
One of two 2-8-0's built for Roberval Saguenay, a short line owned by Alcoa. Built long after other railways had turned to 2-8-2's, these modern looking engines were equipped with vestibule cabs and were the last domestic 2-8-0's built in North America.
Crab Orchard & Eastern 17 (ex R&S 17 CLC #1959 1/40) survived dieselization and later operated tourist trains on a small shortline in the US (1973-1978) and continued hauling freight for a few years before again being retired September 8, 1986. The tiny 8.5 mile ex IC shortline still struggles on in 2006. On display in Boone, Iowa, September 6-2004. See: Trains magazine September 1980 and March 2006.

This revealing photograph shows a CPR Jubilee 4-4-4 type with its semi-streamlining removed.
CLC/Marine Museum of the Great Lakes at Kingston.
A modern steam locomotive hauling two ancient wooden passenger cars on a branchline train.
CPR Jubilee 2928 ( #1942 3/38) backs train #637 from Hamilton into Guelph Junction, May 24, 1954.
It will wait for a meet with Montreal-Chicago #21 Chicago Express before continuing on to Goderich.
J.F.Beveridge/Collection of F.D.Shaw
CPR 2910-2929 Cyl. 16 ½ x 28 Drv. 75" pressure 300 pounds and only 25,900 t.e. weigh only 212 ½ tons in working order and are hand-fired. This single order of 20 small, lightweight locomotives were unique to the CPR where they were used on local passenger and branchline freight trains. #1924-1943 11/37 to 3/38
These twenty modern, semi-streamlined 4-4-4 Jubilee type engines were hand-fired due to their small size. Designed for light passenger trains and branchline freights they were unique to say the least. No other Canadian and few American railways used this wheel arrangement.
It was the earlier 3000-3004 with 80" drivers and stokers built 8/36 by MLW that became famous for their record making high speed, 112 ½ mph. Cyl.17 ¼"x28 Drv. 80" 300# 26600 t.e. 231 tons.
CC&F 1 Cyl.19x26 Drv.50" 180# t.e. 28,720 total weight working order 105 tons. #2042 9/43
CLC was still turning out 0-6-0 switchers at a time when 0-8-0's were more common for the heavier work required in railway yards. These two were for industrial switching at the Turcot Works (Montreal) of Canadian Car & Foundry. Two identical engines had been built in 1929 and 1930. CLC/Don Mc.Queen Collection
Cyl. 16 1/2x22 Drv.42" 21,200 t.e. 46-ton CLC #2043 5/43 Don Mc.Queen Collection
Other industrial engines were the more common 0-4-0T saddletanker such as this one ordered by the Dominion Government for wartime use at Algoma Steel in the Soo. It was the last industrial steam engine built by CLC.

Framed lithograph (32" x 17") of 2356 presented to CPR is unique in that it is coloured.
Prior to this order, all steam locomotives were plain black. These framed pictures were presented to
railways by the builder and hung in the offices of higher ranking railway motive power officers.
Old Time Trains Museum
CPR 2351-2462 Cyl. 22x30 Drv. 75" 275# 45,250 t.e. weight working order 272 tons Built 1938-45.
Four orders for 112 modern Pacifics out of an eventual 122 (the last 10 from MLW 6-7/48) were built between September 1938 and April 1945. These were the finest steam locomotives the CPR had. Sure-footed, with a sharp exhaust they were equally suitable for passenger or fast freight trains. The great tragedy is that not one was saved. A G3 would have made an even better excursion engine than the G5's that were saved.

Canadian Locomotive Company
This was the 2000th locomotive built by CLC and its predecessor companies.
It was displayed and photographed on July 28, 1942, then it was repainted to CPR 2396.
Brand new CPR 2400 G3g (#2004 9/42) awaiting delivery via CNR account the light CPR branch
(former Kingston & Pembroke) could not handle weight of modern steam locomotives.
CPR 2427 G3h brand new! Sitting on the CNR interchange track in Belleville about to move onto CPR.
One of twenty G3's equipped with Worthington Feedwater Heater.
Only four other CPR engines were so equipped, 1200, 1201, 2212 and 2592, none built by CLC.
October 1944 Donald M. Wilson/James A. Brown Collection
CPR G3 class 2400 was perhaps a bit too fast for the slow speed colour film of the 1950's.
Shown here on the Galt Subdivision of the CPR London Division, August 1956. Randy Masales
PGE 163 Cyl. 20x30" Drv. 57" 225# 40,300 t.e. total weight 191 tons oil fired #2409 10/47
CLC/Don Mc.Queen collection.
Last of four Mikado types built for PGE, these low-drivered light engines were to have a short life.
The CPR was the only railway in North America to turn to modern, lightweight 4-6-2 Pacific type steam locomotives as a way of updating their motive power fleet. Based upon the tried and proven, they were to replace hundreds of old G1 and G2 class Pacifics and D10 class Ten Wheelers all across it vast system. In fact, following the successful two built by the CPR they planned to order SIX HUNDRED! It wasn't to be. After only 100 were built by CLC and MLW, no more orders were forthcoming, by now it was diesels that were wanted, not steam locomotives.
CPR G5 class Pacific at West Toronto from Owen Sound in the late 1950's. Bob Shaw CPR ret'd.
CPR 1252-1301 Cyl. 20x28" Drv. 70" 250# 34,000 t.e. weight in working order 210 tons. #2458 8/48
Bob Guhr/W.H.N.Rossiter collection.
Ron Muldowney
CPR 1301 constructed August 20, 1948, last of two orders totalling 50 engines, it was the last steam locomotive built at Kingston for a Canadian railway. It was also the last G5 class Pacific type.

Steam Locomotives of the Canadian Locomotive Company
Part 1
Diminutive narrow gauge (42") Toronto & Nipissing no.6 Uxbridge just out-shopped early in 1871
by CE&M was one of an order of six 4-4-0's delivered to the T&NR. Cyl. 11x18 drv. 42"
Note the four-wheel tender.
CLC/photographer unknown/ Bill Thomson/Kingston Pump House Museum collection.
Credit Valley 19 J L Morrison 4-4-0 16x24 cyl. 69" drv. #234 10/1881 (Re# CPR 186 8/84)
18 and 19 believed to be the first engines with Westinghouse air brakes for cars (only).
Kingston & Pembroke 10 W C Caldwell 18x26 cyl. 62" drv. #327 8/87. Pictures of K&P engines are rare. This one is of a single-engine order and was only the fourth 2-6-0 Mogul built at Kingston. Equipped with link and pin couplers and an air brake on the engine only. Became CPR 3003 with acquisition of the "Kick and Push." CLC/Fritz Lehmann collection.
Star 0-4-0T Cyl.12x16 Drv.38" 150 lbs. 7726 t.e. 22-ton CLC #559 5/02 Don Mc. Queen Collection
HS&I 6 0-6-0T Cyl. 17x24 drv. 50" press. 180 lbs. t.e. 21,200 #877 6/09
Light weight 45 tons, working order 54 tons. coal 1.5 tons water 850 gals.
CLC-Henderson/Don McQueen collection.
Here is the same engine many years later. Note the extended saddle tank and feedwater heater.
Bay City Railway Historical Foundation

CPR 1613 2-8-0 Cyl. 21x28 Drv. 57" 200 lbs. t.e. 37% Eng.143 tons, total working 156 tons. #631 9/04
This order of ten (1610-1619) Consolidation type engines was the first built in Canada with the Schmidt superheater. Note the piston valves. It followed a CPR test in 1901 on Ten-Wheeler 548, which was the first superheated steam locomotive in the Western Hemisphere. CLC-Henderson/Don McQueen collection.
(Re# 3413 9/12)
IRC 316 one of twelve (401-412) 4-6-2's these were the first Pacific types built in Canada.
Cyl. 21x28 Drv. 72" Press. 200 lbs. t.e 29% Working Eng. 94 tons total weight 155 tons. #655 4/05
CLC/Don McQueen collection. Became CNR 5503
CNR 5509 (ex ICR 410) still around and little changed more than thirty years later. Levis, August 26, 1936.
Orin P. Maus
CPR 706 D10a #685 8/17/1905
One of the most popular wheel arrangements was the 4-6-0 Ten Wheeler of which hundreds were built for many railways. The CPR had hundreds of D6, D9 and D10 class built by many builders including CLC, MLW, and their own Angus shops in Canada along with Schenectady Locomotive Works, Richmond Locomotive & Machine Works in the United States but, not the famous Baldwin Locomotive Works, although CPR did have other classes built by them. North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow, Scotland and Saxon Locomotive Building Company in Chemnity, Germany also built engines at a time when North American builders were busy. Specifications were very similar for all of them including 63" drivers that were capable of 60 miles per hour or higher and a good 33,300 pounds of tractive effort and a total weight in working order of 155 tons. D9's were used on passenger trains in the early part of the 20th. Century while large numbers of D-10's worked branchline way freights and yard switching late in the steam era.
CPR 670-684 Cyl. 21x28 Drv.63" 200# 33,000 t.e. #723 5/1906
Freshly outshopped from Ogden backshops is D10 class 672 still with Stephenson valve gear. c.1950's
A.H. (Alf) Coverdale/Collection of R.L.Kennedy

CPR 1095 (CLC #1131 10/13) part of last order for 25 (1087-1111) Ten Wheeler 4-6-0's built in 1913.
Displayed in its home town of Kingston, Ontario next to the CPR station in downtown.
W. J. L. Gibbons


TEM 151 0-6-0 Cyl. 19x26 drv.50" t.e. 32% eng wt. 103 tons. #747 11/06 one of only four 0-6-0's built for the T&NO in two orders of two each in 1906 and 1909. CLC-Henderson/Don McQueen collection.
Sister engine 150 Re#854 was sold in December 1941 to Abitibi Power & Paper Co. in Iroquois Falls, Ontario as their number 60 and in 1951 went to Mattagami Railroad 101 before finally being scrapped in July 1951. 153 was sold in June 1941 to Normetal Mining Corp. for their non-common carrier Normetal Railway and resold in 1946 to Manitoba Paper Co. in Pine Falls.

CNoR 176 4-6-0 Cyl. 18x24 Drv. 63" 200 lbs. t.e. 21% Working eng. wt. 69 tons #756 5/07
National Archives of Canada PA-203707

Brand new Ten Wheeler is posed at Parry Sound in June 1907. One of an order from Canadian Northern of 15 Ten Wheelers for its subsidiaries, 11 for CNoR, and 2 each for Canadian Northern Quebec and Halifax & South Western, all part of the Mackenzie and Mann Empire. Photographs of engines lettered for Canadian Northern Ontario are rare; most photos just show Canadian Northern. It became CNR 1236.
COR 17 4-6-0 Cyl. 18x24 Drv. 57" 190 lbs. Engine weight 60 tons #789 12/07
CLC-Henderson/Don McQueen collection.
An order of four engines for Central Ontario, part of the Rathbun empire before it was sold off in 1912 to the Canadian Northern this engine eventually become Canadian National 1027.
QC 30 4-4-0 Cyl.18x24 Drv. 63" 180 lbs. Engine weight 57 tons 19% t.e #799 1/08
CLC-Henderson/Don McQueen collection.
This engine and sister 31 were the last two 4-4-0's built by CLC and among the last of any built of this obsolete wheel arrangement. Pre-CPR standard design.
More than forty years later 31 is little changed in appearance. It was sold in March 1937 to John Breakey Ltd. for their non-common carrier railway Chaudiere Valley shown here 9-23-49 in Breakeyville, Quebec.
Charles E. Winters/Old Time Trains Archives
Chaudiere Valley was a short connecting track from the John Breakey Ltd. mill to the CNR. They owned another 4-4-0, (ex GTR) that became CNR 40 on the 1950's Museum Train that travelled across Canada.
O'Brien, Fowler and McDougall Bros. (contractors) 11, 2-6-0 Cyl. 18x24 drv. 50" pres. 180 t.e. 23,800 working order weight 105 tons . #912 10/09 Became CGR 4506 when acquired in March 1916 and in 1919,
CNR 422 CLC-Henderson/Don McQueen collection. Little changed after 30 years, the engine is stored in Moncton, January 1, 1939. In October 1939 it was sold to Malagash Salt Company in Malagash, Nova Scotia.
Collection of Al Paterson.
One of two identical engines delivered in October 1909 for construction work on the National Transcontinental between Cochrane and Winnipeg.
GTR 1015 2-6-0 Cyl. 19x26 Drv. 62" Press.180 t.e. 23,200 engine weight 70 tons working order 134 tons #928 4/10 CLC/Don.McQueen collection. Engine 1012 became 90.
CNR 90 E-10 Class Cyl 21x26 Drv. 63" pres.170 t.e 26,300 eng. Wt 71-tons working order, eng and tender 140 tons Tender 14 tons 5,200 gals.Simcoe, Ontario c.1950's Cyril Butcher/Don Mc.Queen Collection
These engines and many other CNR ones retained their Stephenson valve gear to the end, unlike CPR which standardized on Walschaerts.
One of 25 Mogul type 2-6-0's delivered in 1910, nineteen of which were later modernized with superheating and eventually other features that drastically altered their appearance. They were equipped with a Casey-Cavin power reverser. Very capable little engines some of these survived into the last years of steam and became familiar sights on Ontario branchlines, many being saved from scrap to be displayed and some (89, 91, and 92) even being restored to operation on tourist railways in the United States.

CNR 83 leaving Port Dover with Mixed 235 for Hamilton passes
GRR 624 interurban car about to leave LE&N station for Brantford. April 8,1955 J.Wm.Hood
CNR 86 on the Owen Sound Way Freight from Palmerston at Chesley July 1957. Don Wood











































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Monday, March 11, 2013





Why the U.S. has not had an attack after 9/11

Vappala Balachandran
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Given the turf wars and lack of coordination among the police and intelligence agencies in India, the National Counter Terrorism Centre will not enhance security
The debates on the proposed Rs.3,400 crore National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) have seen extreme views from both sides. Its protagonists claim that it is a “Batman” who will swoop down on terrorists anywhere. Those opposing it feel it is a “Joker Villain” who will trample upon State autonomy.
Doubts about the Home Ministry’s scheme surfaced when a senior official, who was in office during Home Minister P. Chidambaram’s 2009 visit to the United States to study its NCTC system, wrongly told a national daily in February 2012 that the American NCTC worked under the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). As a matter of fact, USNCTC, which is under the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) in the White House, is one of three new instruments that has kept the American mainland comparatively safe from terrorism since 9/11. By itself, the NCTC could not have achieved that. Although the CIA has had a Counter Terrorism Centre (CTC) since 1986, it was felt by the 9/11 National Commission that more coordinated intelligence efforts were needed.

Gilmore Commission

The idea of a national office under the President for combating terrorism was mooted earlier by a U.S. Congressional advisory panel known as the “Gilmore Commission,” which commenced its work from 1999. Until 9/11, broad security intelligence integration in the U.S. was done by the National Security Council’s three-tier “Inter-Agency Groups”. The 9/11 Commission suggested the creation of a Director, National Intelligence (DNI), and under him a multi-agency NCTC. The “Intelligence Reform & Terrorism Prevention Act” of 2004 (PL 108-458) codified this scheme. The DNI’s charter was coordinating with the 16-member national intelligence community, establishing priorities, resolving conflicts in collection process and sharing intelligence.
Section 119 (d) (3) specified that the NCTC “shall not direct the execution of any resulting operations.” This follows the traditional NSC philosophy of not directly conducting any operations from the White House, after the disastrous Iran-Contra Affair of the 1980s. One important component of NCTC is its Interagency Threat Assessment and Coordination Group (ITACG), a team of State and local civil and law-enforcement officials posted by turn. They examine intelligence which would be of interest to the local authorities. They also seek what local “first responders” want to know.
It is thus clear that the charter envisaged in 2009 by our former Home Minister for our NCTC with investigation and operations responsibility besides intelligence integration did not exist in the U.S. model. That job is done by the DHS and the FBI with the help of State and local authorities. The Deputy Director of the American NCTC, who was present during an Oxford Counter-Terrorism Conference in October 2010, where I was one of the speakers, told me that anything beyond intelligence integration would be unworkable. Former DNI Mike McConnell had told the Council on Foreign Relations (June 29, 2007) that American agencies collected one billion pieces of information daily.
Thus, the onerous task of intelligence integration and interpretation is kept separate from operations. Even with this, the November 2009 CIA alert on the Nigerian “Underwear Bomber” (Abdulmutallab) was not converted into a “no fly notification” and he was able to attempt igniting a liquid bomb on 25 December 2009. How then could we expect our version to succeed? Where is the need for special powers when the NIA, which is supposed to work under NCTC, and which was specially created after 26/11, has been duly empowered under the NIA Act in December 2008?
It would appear that our government wants to follow the U.K.’s version of “Joint Terrorism Analyses Centre” (JTAC), which is under the MI-5 (IB’s counterpart). This might have been based on Mr. Chidambaram’s 2010 visit to the United Kingdom. According to media reports, the head of our proposed NCTC has to report to Director Intelligence Bureau (IB) whose office, however, has no legal backing. But MI-5 has a legal basis under the Security Service Act 1989 and it was also clarified that JTAC would be bound “by the provisions of the Intelligence Services Act 1994 and subject to the oversight of the Parliament’s Intelligence & Security Committee”.

‘Intelligence-led policing’

Terrorism is no longer an intelligence issue. It is inexorably tied to reviews by courts with the concept of “Intelligence-led policing.” This has happened in several countries where the courts insisted on perusing the exact intelligence that led to the arrests. The U.K.’s Intelligence & Security Committee’s special report dated May 6, 2009 (“Could 7/7 have been prevented?”) gives details of the “Executive Liaison Group” (ELG) for sharing secret MI-5 intelligence with the police. Those interested in further studying this should access the court judgments in Maher Arar (2004-05- Canada), Izhar ul- Haque (New South Wales Supreme Court-2007) and “Operation Crevice” (U.K.-2007). Are we sanguine that such an eventuality will not arise in India and the IB would not be called to testify?
The other two instruments which have been successful in preventing attacks in the U.S. are the FBI led multi-agency Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTF) and 78 “Fusion Centers” under the DHS, both involving non-police investigators, analysts and private persons. As many as 106 teams of JTTF with about 4,400 officers pursue intelligence leads from various intelligence agencies and investigate. Each JTTF has representatives from federal agencies, local police and other departments. New York JTTF has 500 investigators with only 130 from NYPD. They are coordinated by the National Joint Terrorism Task Force (NJTTF). Such joint operations are beneficial in compensating for others’ laxity as in the case of the Times Square bomber Shahzad. Couldn’t we have tried this out at least in New Delhi or Centrally administered territories?
The objective of Fusion Centers is to channel NCTC intelligence to local “stakeholders,” including private bodies. Fusion Centers “translate” possible national or international happenings to the local authorities to make them aware of the possibility and nature of the attack. The 26/11 Committee found that the Mumbai Police were not aware of even open source information on two incidents, which if studied could have prepared them better . In March 2007, there was a media report that two suspected LeT terrorists, arrested by Rajauri Police, had revealed that their boat was intercepted off the Mumbai coast by the Coast Guard but let off. The second case was an attack on Serena Hotel, Kabul, on January 14, 2008 similar to 26/11. That was the period when repeated Central alerts were being received (although not date specific) on multiple targets, including hotels in Mumbai. During our 26/11 enquiry, we did not get an impression that our Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) and State MACs worked like Fusion Centers.
The biggest achievement of the DHS is the nationwide alignment of anti-terrorist methodology through constant dialogue among the “Homeland Security State and Local Community” with about 1,000 key members from the States, the national capital and six federal departments who collaborate through secure conference calls. If we have some such arrangements, the constant bickering between our State police departments on terror cases investigation could have been resolved.

Integrated network in U.K.

The U.K. also follows the concept of “integrated national network of dedicated policing resources” through four Regional Counter-Terrorist Units (CTU), besides the London-based Counter-Terrorism Command (CTC). A July 2011 report to Parliament said that more than 7,700 officers were on CT duty in the U.K. The regional Counter-Terrorist Intelligence Units (CTIU) have a large presence of non-police officials. In addition, a senior officer designated as Senior National Coordinator Counter-Terrorism (earlier known as National Coordinator Terrorist Investigations) coordinates investigations into terrorist crimes. Compare this with ours where even within a State conflicting conclusions are arrived at by State police teams.
The hallmarks of effective terrorism prevention and CT operations as experienced by others who have done better research are two-way intelligence flow through multi-agency structures, local fusion units to interpret possible situations, joint operations and active participation by the public as “stakeholders.” Setting up our present version of NCTC which is neither Batman nor the Joker, but only an ornamental “Nutcracker” that might occasionally dance, would not enhance public security. It will only end up in employment opportunities for some chosen superannuated officials.
(The writer is a former Special Secretary, Cabinet Secretariat, and member of the two-man High Level Committee appointed by Government of Maharashtra on 26/11 attacks. Vappala.balachandran@gmail.com)

Wednesday, March 6, 2013

THE GREAT LOOT INDIA BRITISH RULE -SALT TAX 1800-1947

The British were totally focused on looting India. (Source: Wikimedia Commons)

shah-690_121718053216.jpg
The Mughal emperor Shah Alam handing a scroll to Robert Clive, Governor of Bengal, which transferred tax collecting rights in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company. (Illustration: Benjamin West (1738–1820)/British Library)
 The Great Indian Hedge - Shame of the British Empire, page 1

























The Great Indian Hedge - Shame of the British Empire



From my searches carried out in ATS, I believe this is the first time the following remarkable event in recent history has been mentioned here in ATS.

What was 2,504 miles (4,030 km) long, was comprised of 411.5 miles (662.2 km) of "perfect" and "good" living hedges and 1,109.5 miles (1,785.6 km) of inferior hedge, dry hedge or stone wall and was built and maintained by the British Empire from 1803 to 1st April 1879.?

Answer: The Inland Customs Line which incorporated the Great Hedge of India (or Indian Salt Hedge).



The Inland Customs Line which incorporated the Great Hedge of India (or Indian Salt Hedge[1]) was a customs barrier built by the British across India primarily to collect the salt tax. The customs line was begun whilst India was under the control of the East India Company but continued into the period of direct British rule. The line had its beginnings in a series of customs houses that were established in Bengal in 1803 to prevent the smuggling of salt to avoid the tax. These customs houses were eventually formed into a contiguous barrier that was brought under the control of the Inland Customs Department in 1843.

The line was gradually expanded as more territory was brought under British control until it covered a distance of more than 2,500 miles (4,000 km), often running alongside rivers and other natural barriers. At its greatest extent it ran from the Punjab in the Northwest until it reached the princely state of Orissa, near to the Bay of Bengal, in the southeast. The line was initially made of dead, thorny material such as the Indian Plum but eventually evolved into a living hedge that grew up to 12 feet (3.7 m) high and was compared to the Great Wall of China. The Inland Customs Department employed customs officers, Jemadars and men to patrol the line and apprehend smugglers, reaching a peak of more than 14,000 staff in 1872. The line and hedge were considered to be an infringement on the freedom of Indians and in opposition to free trade policies and were eventually abandoned in 1879 when the tax was applied at point of manufacture. The salt tax itself would remain in place until 1946.
Source


The scale of this man made barrier and its impact on the lives of millions of people is further compounded when you realise that it was not a barrier to protect the inhabitants from outside invaders as was in the case of the Great Wall of China, or to prevent the 'emigration and defection' from East Germany to East Germany as was the case with the Berlin wall, but was created and maintained to extract high taxes on SALT from the inhabitants of India!



For comparisons in size..

The Great Wall of China - built between 5th Century BC to the 16th Century. - 8,851.8 km (5,500.3 mi) long

Hadrian's Wall - Built by the Romans in AD 122 - (73.5 statute miles or 117 kilometres) long.

Berlin Wall - Built August 13, 1961 - 140 kilometres (87 mi) long



REDISCOVERY..





Despite its scale, the customs line and associated hedge were not widely known in either Britain or India, the standard histories of the period neglecting to mention them. Roy Moxham, a conservator at the University of London library, wrote a book on the customs line and his search for its remains that was published in 2001. This followed his finding, in 1995, of a passing mention of the hedge in Major-General Sir W.H. Sleeman's 1893 work Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official. Moxham looked up the hedge in the India Office Records of the British Library and determined to locate its remnants.[67]

Moxham conducted extensive research in London before making three trips to India to look for any remains of the line. In 1998 he located a small raised embankment in the Etawah district in Uttar Pradesh which may be all that remains of the Great Hedge of India. Moxham's book, which he claims to be the first on the subject, details the history of the line and his attempts to locate its modern remains.

Source



Brief Background History..



In order to properly explain the reasons why a civilised super-power at that time (The British Empire) would bring into existence, a monstrous 'wall' that served just one purpose, to tax millions of people on the salt they used/consumed we must go back in time and look at influences of a little known English company called 'East India Trading Company'..

Not long after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, a group of London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean seeking new trade routes. Dec 31st 1600 Queen Elizabeth I grants a Royal Charter to George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. After the Battle of Swally in 1612 (where four English East India Company galleons won a victory over four Portuguese naus galleons), the East India Trading Company with the help and support of the British Empire gained exclusive trading rights in Surat and other areas with Mughal Emperor Nuruddin Salim Jahangir. This was the turning point of the decline of the Portuguese influence in India and the build up of Military power of the East India Trading Company who's navy would later be the basis of the Indian Navy as we know it today.



In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then in cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre and tea. All the while in 1650-56, it was making inroads into the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits, which the Dutch had acquired by ousting the Portuguese in 1640-41. In 1657, Oliver Cromwell renewed the charter of 1609, and brought about minor changes in the holding of the Company. The status of the Company was further enhanced by the restoration of monarchy in England. By a series of five acts around 1670, King Charles II provisioned it with the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops and form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas. In 1711, the Company established a trading post in Canton (Guangzhou), China, to trade tea for silver.

Source


What we see at this point is that in just 70 years, a small Joint Stock Company with the help and support from the imperial patronage, is granted almost full autonomy to conduct its business anyway it chooses and to install law & order using civil or military means just as would an invading army, only this would be conducted under the guise of trading, profits of which, would further help support the British Government at that time.


At this point in the story lets look at the situation that existed for the production of salt in India..



Salt has been produced all along the Rann of Kutch in the west coast of India for the past 5,000 years. The Rann of Kutch is an extensive marshland which is cut off from the rest of the Indian subcontinent during monsoons when the seas inundate the low-lying areas. However, when the sea water evaporates during summer, it leaves behind a crust of salt which accumulate as salt pans. This salt is collected by labourers called malangis.

In the eastern coast, salt could be obtained extensively along the coast of Orissa. The salt produced by the salt pans called khalaris in Oriya is of the finest quality in all India. There has always been a demand for Orissa salt in Bengal. When the British took over the administration of Bengal, they too felt its need and traded for salt. Gradually they monopolized Orissa salt all over Bengal. To check smuggling and illegal transportation, they sent armies into Orissa resulting in the conquest of Orissa in 1803
Source


The Seven Years' War between the British Empire and France (1756–1763) resulted in the defeat of the French forces, limited French imperial ambitions, and stunting the influence of the industrial revolution in French territories. Robert Clive, the Governor General, led the British East India Company to a victory against Joseph François Dupleix, the commander of the French forces in India, and recaptured Fort St George from the French. The British East India Company took this respite to seize Manila in 1762. By the Treaty of Paris (1763), the French were allowed to maintain their trade posts only in small enclaves in Pondicherry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam, and Chandernagar without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the British East India Company. In contrast, the British East India Company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of a disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers


During this seven year war In 1759 the British East India Company came into possession of land near Calcutta where there were salt works. Taking the opportunity to make money, they doubled the land rent and imposed transit charges on the transportation of salt. It took the British East India Company 89 years from when it was first given the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions by King Charles II in 1670 to gaining a major hold in this highly lucrative Salt industry. The war with France was costly and the British Empire needed funds to sustain its fight with France and further push the French out of India.

In 1764, following the victory at the Battle of Buxar, the British East India Company began to control all the revenues of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

From 1788 onwards, the Company took to selling to wholesalers by auction. Due to this move by the British East India Company, the tax increased to 3.25 rupees a maund. The wholesale price of salt increased from 1.25 rupees to about 4 rupees a maund. This was an exorbitant rate and few could afford the privilege of having their food with salt.

On 1 November 1804, the British monopolized salt in newly conquered Orissa. In return, they advanced money to the malangis against further salt production. As a result, the malangis eventually became debtors of the British and were virtually brought down to the level of slaves. The Orissa Zamindars who earlier controlled salt trade were alarmed at the monopolization which resulted in a sudden loss of income and tried to bear upon the malangi not to work for the British but to no avail.



The conception of The Inland Customs line (1823-1879)



In order to enforce its high taxes on its customers and to prevent the smuggling of salt (to avoid paying the salt tax the people would make it illegally in salt pans, stealing it from warehouses or smuggling salt from the princely states which remained outside of direct British rule) the British East India Company in Bengal 1803 initially setup a series of Customs Houses and barriers across major roads and rivers in Bengal to collect the tax on traded salt as well as duties on tobacco and other imports. These customs houses were backed up by "preventative customs houses" located near to salt works and the coast in Bengal to collect the tax at source. It became apparent quite quickly that this measure was not enough, corruption and lack of a contiguous barrier and the westward expansion of Bengal towards salt-rich states all contributed towards the loss of further revenue.

A cheap, yet effective measure was needed to combat smuggling and illegal salt production. In 1823 the Commissioner of Customs for Agra, George Saunders, installed a line of customs posts along the Ganges and Yamuna rivers from Mirzapur to Allahabad that would eventually evolve into the Inland Customs Line. The main aim was to prevent salt from being smuggled from the south and west but there was also a secondary line running from Allahabad to Nepal to prevent smuggling from the Northwest frontier. The annexation of Sindh and the Punjab allowed the line to be extended north-west by G. H. Smith, who had become Commissioner of Customs in 1834. Smith also exempted items such as tobacco and iron from taxation to concentrate on salt. He was responsible for expanding and improving the line, increasing its budget to 790,000 rupees per year and the staff to 6,600 men.

Commissioner of Customs G. H. Smith new Inland Customs Line was first concentrated between Agra and Delhi and consisted of a series of customs posts at one mile intervals, linked by a raised path with gateways (known as "chokis") to allow people to cross the line every four miles. The barrier and surrounding land, to a distance of 10 to 15 miles (16 to 24 km), was the responsibility of the Inland Customs Department, headed by a Commissioner of Inland Customs. The department staffed each post with an Indian Jemadar (approximately equivalent to a British Warrant Officer) and ten men, backed up by additional patrols operating 2-3 miles behind the line. The line was mainly concerned with the collection of the salt tax but also functioned as a deterrent against Opium smuggling and collected tax on sugar being exported from Bengal.




How the Great Hedge of India became to be..



In order to 'fill-in' the gaps between these customs houses anything that could be moved and form a barrier was used, stones, wood and.... bushes that were in plentiful supply.. Initially this proved quite successful and cheap to implement but this barrier suffered from fires (arson and natural) white ants, rats, storms, locusts, parasitic creepers, natural decay and strong winds which could destroy furlongs at a time and necessitated constant maintenance. However, sometime in the early 1840's it was noticed that when thorn bushes, cut and laid along the line as a barrier (known as the "dry hedge"), took root in many places and quickly formed a large living barrier that survived better than the dead parts of the line and therefore required much less maintenance. By 1868 it had become 180 miles (290 km) of "thoroughly impenetrable" hedge.

A pivotal episode in India's history happened in 1857 (Indian Rebellion of 1857) that would result a year later, in the dissolution of the British East India Company, only to be replaced by the Crown in the new British Raj in 1858. While this did appear to improve many aspects of the way India was governed, trade, taxes etc were now under the direct control of the British government, with no middle man ( the British East India Company) to share the profits with. During the subsequent 10 years after the 1857 Rebellion the British Raj repaired the sections of the hedge/line that were destroyed during the rebellion and then carried out maintaining the old Inland Customs Line along with enforcing the taxes set by the British East India company but did little to further expand the line. Until that is, in 1867..

Allan Octavian Hume, Commissioner of Inland Customs from 1867-70, estimated that each mile of dry hedge required 250 tons of material to construct and that this material had to be carried to the line from between 0.25 and 6 miles (0.40 and 9.7 km) away. The amount of labour involved in such a task was one of the reasons that a live hedge was encouraged, particularly when damage required the replacement of around half of the dry hedge each year.


The Great living Hedge[WALL] of India.



 






















 









In 1869 Hume, in preparation for a rapid expansion of the live hedge, began trials of various indigenous thorny shrubs to see which would be suited to different soil and rainfall conditions. The result was that the main body of the hedge was composed of Indian Plum, Babool, Karonda and several species of Euphorbia.[27] The Prickly Pear was used where conditions meant that nothing else could grow, as was found in parts of the Hisar district, and in other places bamboo was planted.

Hume was responsible for transforming the hedge from "a mere line of persistently dwarf seedlings, or of irregularly scattered, disconnected bushes" into a formidable barrier that, by the end of his tenure as commissioner, contained 448.75 miles (722.19 km) of "perfect" hedge and 233.5 miles (375.8 km) of "strong and good", but not impenetrable hedge. The hedge was nowhere less than 8 feet (2.4 m) high and 4 feet (1.2 m) thick and in some places was 12 feet (3.7 m) high and 14 feet (4.3 m) thick. in 1869 alone the customs men carried out 18 million miles of patrols, dug 2 million cubic feet of earth and carried over 150,000 tons of thorny material for the building and maintenance of the 'hedge'.

Hume was replaced as Commissioner of Customs in 1870 by G. H. M. Batten who in turn was replaced in 1876 by W. S. Halsey, who would be the last of the 'hedge' keepers. Under Halsey's control the hedge grew to its greatest extent, reaching a peak of 411.5 miles (662.2 km) of "perfect" and "good" live hedge by 1878 with a further 1,109.5 miles (1,785.6 km) of inferior hedge, dry hedge or stone wall. In just 56 years The Inland Customs line grew to monstrous proportions, far exceeding anything before it.. This was truly greed at its finest, the effects of which on the population (numbered in millions) would be both crippling and deadly at that time..

Maintaining the customs line and hedge required a large number of staff to patrol and maintain it. The majority of the staff were Indian, with their officers coming mainly from the British. In 1869 the Inland Customs Department employed 136 officers, 2499 petty officers and 11,288 men on the line, reaching a peak of 14,188 men of all ranks in 1872.

While the line served to bring in a lot of money for the British Empire (Sources indicate that by 1858, British India derived 10% of the revenues from its monopoly of salt. However, by the end of the century, the tax on salt had been considerably reduced. In 1880, income from salt amounted to 7 million pounds). it never-the-less attracted a lot of unwelcomed attention from Several British viceroys who wanted to dismantle the line, sighting it as a major barrier against free travel and trade across the subcontinent. The obstacle that prevented this from happening was the sudden huge loss of revenue that the line was currently generating, unless that is, they could take control of all the salt production in India, so that tax could then be applied at the point of manufacture.




The Viceroy from 1869 to 1872, Lord Mayo, took the first steps towards abolition of the line, instructing British officials to negotiate agreements with the rulers of princely states to take control of salt production. The process was speeded up by Mayo's successor, Lord Northbrook, and by the loss of revenue caused by the famine of 1876-8 that reduced the land tax and killed 6.5 million people. British India's Finance Minister, Sir John Strachey, subsequently led a review of the tax system and his recommendations, implemented by Lord Lytton, resulted in the increase of the salt tax in Madras, Bombay and northern India to 2.5 rupees per maund and a reduction in Bengal to 2.9 rupees. The small difference between the tax bands made smuggling uneconomical, and allowed for the abandonment of the Inland Customs Line on 1 April 1879. Strachey's tax reforms continued and he brought an end to import duties and almost complete free trade to India by 1880.[48] In 1882 Viceroy Lord Ripon finally standardised the salt tax across most of India at a rate of two rupees per maund. Although the trans-Indus districts of India continued to be taxed at eight annas per maund until 23 July 1896 and Burma maintained its reduced rate of just three annas. The equalisation of tax cost the government 1.2 million rupees of lost revenue.


At the time of writing this, I have found no direct statistics on the human cost this salt tax had inflicted, lack of salt does effect the human body to a point where it is then unable to fight off the effects brought on by diseases, such as cholera which was prevalent in India at that time..

1816-1826 - First cholera pandemic: Previously restricted, the pandemic began in Bengal, and then spread across India by 1820. 10,000 British troops and countless Indians died during this pandemic. Deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 are estimated to have exceeded 15 million persons. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917 and this is just from cholera!

Side note: In most cases cholera can be successfully treated with oral rehydration therapy (ORT). ORT is highly effective, safe, and simple to administer: prompt replacement of water and electrolytes is the principal treatment for cholera, as dehydration and electrolyte depletion occur rapidly. In situations where commercially produced ORT sachets are too expensive or difficult to obtain, alternative homemade solutions using various formulas of water, sugar, table salt, baking soda, and fruit offer less expensive methods of electrolyte repletion

I now close with the following quote from Dadabhai Naoroji On August 14, 1894 in the House of Commons:



Then the Salt Tax, the most cruel Revenue imposed in any civilised country provided Rs. 8,600,000/- and that with the opium 'formed the bulk of the revenue of India, which was drawn from the wretchedness of the people.... It mattered not what the State received was called - tax, rent, revenue, or by any other name they liked - the simple fact of the matter was, that out of a certain annual national production the State took a certain portion. Now it would not also matter much about the portion taken by the State if that portion, as in this country, returned to people themselves, from whom it was raised. But the misfortune and the evil was that much of this portion did not return to the people, and that the whole system of Revenue and the economic condition of the people became unnatural and oppressive, with dangers to the rulers. So long as the system went on, so long must the people go on, living wretched lives. There was a constant draining away of India's resources, and she could never therefore, be a prosperous country. Not only that, but in time India must perish, and with it perish the British Empire


Thank you for reading - Freelancer


reply posted on 25-9-2010 @ 11:13 PM by Freelancer
Im shamelessly bumping this thread ONLY because it deserves to be read. The event described (the building of this massive 2,500 mile barrier) really did happen. It directly effected the lives of millions of people yet conveniently for the British Empire, we are lead to believe the local people of India never bothered to record this event. News of this barrier was also very heavily surpressed in the tabloids of the British press at that time, not to mention in the House of Commons.


There is only one book written on this subject by Moxham, Roy (2001). The Great Hedge of India. London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-467-0. and googling about this barrier/line brings up extracts / references from Moxham's book since he is the main source of this story.

The 'conspiracy' starts with the begining of the East India Company (also the East India Trading Company, English East India Company, and then the British East India Company)[ yes this 'company' changed its name three times to reflect its growing importance to the British Empire. Detailing this company's rise to power was outside the OP, hence it only briefly mentions their involvement, but for those wishing to know more, google is your friend.


 http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread614087/pg1
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  Poverty and un-British rule in India by Naoroji, Dadabhai
 Published 1901 by S. Sonnenschein in London
 http://www.archive.org/stream/povertyunbritish00naoruoft#page/n3/mode/2up

][[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[

MAHATMA GANDHI ON ANTI SALT TAX AGTATION
 
 






MAHATMA GANDHI TAKES SALT FROM SALT PAN AS PART OF ANTI SALT TAX SATYAGRAHA
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 British Prime Minister David Cameron lays a wreath in tribute to the Jallianwala Bagh martyrs at the memorial in Amritsar. A
 David Cameron AT JALIAN WALA BAGH [WHERE MORE THAN 1000 PEOPLE WERE SHOT DEAD AT A PEACEFUL PROTEST MEETING BY BRITISH GENERAL]

A sorry apology: David Cameron at Jallianwala Bagh
David Cameron might be the first sitting British prime minister to feel "shame" about Jallianwalah Bagh. But his condolence message is really more about making a sales pitch for the basic goodness of Britain despite that 1919 blot.

 David Cameron thinks what happened at Jallianwala Bagh was a "deeply shameful event in British history."

In my condolence book, that's as close to a ringing apology as you can expect from a sitting British Prime Minister for the massacre of 1919.

Certainly Cameron sounds a lot more diplomatic than Prince Philip who claimed that he'd heard the death toll had been exaggerated. 
 And he even sounds a little more contrite than Queen Elizabeth who called it a "difficult episode" but then briskly moved on saying "history cannot be rewritten".


File:Jallianwala Bagh sign2.jpg

1-ANY BRITISH APOLOGY FOR SALT TAX?
2-ANY FOR THE PLANNED FAMINES?
AND MANY MANY OTHER SHAMEFUL INCIDENTS AND ACTS OF BRITISH COLONIALISTS?

Friday, March 1, 2013