THE history OF INDIA FROM THE CLOSE OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
The historical events connected with the history of India from the
closing years of the fifteenth century, when, by the discovery of the Cape
of Good Hope in 1487, by Bartholomew de Diaz, and the opening of
a direct sea route to the East, the Portuguese began to contend for the
exclusive commerce of India. European interest in India was thus
stimulated and led to the opening of all the south of Asia to the know-
ledge and commerce of the West. The enumeration of events is carried
down in the following pages from 1492 to the Viceroyalty of the Earl
of Elgin and Kincardine, 1894
1499 --July 8. Vasco da Gama, with three or four ships, sails from
Belem. Nov. 22, doubles the Cape, and on the voyage suppresses
a mutiny on board.Jan. II. Vasco da Gama leaves Natal; March 2, reaches
Mozambique ; April 14, is hospitably received at Malindi ; May 29, anchors at Kappatt, and on the 27th at Pantalayini Kollam, off Calicut ;
Vasco da gama and ManavikramanZamorin by Maurício José do Carmo Sendim (1786-1870)
May 28, received in audience by the Zamorin, but harshly treated by the Moorish traders. Diogo Diaz and other Portuguese detained as prisoners in Calicut, for which Da Gama detains eighteen natives on board. The agent having been released, Da Gama sets sail (August 28) with six of the hostages still on board. He reached Lisbon in September 1499.
Sept. 13. Pedro Alvarez Cabral, with thirteen ships and a rich
cargo, arrives at Calicut ; a treaty is concluded and a factory
established, which was soon after destroyed by the Mappillas, and
fifty persons massacred, whereupon Cabral bombards Calicut.
Seizing ten of the Zamorin's ships, he sails for Cochin. December,
a factory is established and a peaceful alliance made with the
Cochin Raja.
Jan. 10. The Portuguese fleet leaves Cochin, touching at Can-
nanor on Jan. 15, and reaching Lisbon July 21.
Pope Alexander VL grants to the Portuguese king a Bull
constituting him " Lord of the Navigation, Conquest, and Trade
of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia, and Lidia."
Feb. 10 (according to Correa, March 25). A fleet of ten
ships under Vasco da Gama leaves Portugal. A settlement is
arranged with the Kolattiri and Cochin, but the Zamorin re-
mains hostile. Da Gama loots a Moorish pilgrim vessel and puts
the crew and pilgrims to death, defeats and burns the Calicut
fleet ; and, Dec. 28, sails for Europe.
March 31. The Zamorin of Calicut, with an army of 50,000,
marches to Repelim (Eddapalli) to expel the Cochin Raja
Tirumumpara who, with the resident Portuguese, retires to Vypin
or Baypin island.
ept. 2. Alphonso de Albuquerque arrives at Cochin. The Calicut garrison after a battle evacuates Cochin ; Tirumumpara is re-established and a factory founded. This is the first European fortress in India. Factories are next established at Kollam 
(North Quilon) FORT at thangassery
COCHIN PORTUGESE FORT
Jan. 12. The Portuguese fleet sails from Cochin, leaving
a factor and a priest. Francisco de Albuquerque concludes a
treaty with the Zamorin, broken by the seizure of a Calicut boat.
Jan. 25, Alphonso de Albuquerque sails. Feb. 5, his cousin
Francisco sails with cargo, but is lost on the way home. Duarte
Pacheco beats off an attack on the fortress by the Zamorin.
Sept. 14. A fleet of fifteen sail under Lope Suarez, sent by King Manuel, arrives at Cochin, having intimidated the Zamorin at Calicut by a two days' bombardment.
1505,July 6
Lope Suarez burns the town of Cranganor.
March 2
A fleet of twenty-two sail, under Dom Francisco de Almeida, leaves Portugal to consolidate the Indian and other Eastern conquests.
Oct. 24, the fleet arrives at Cochin with the new Viceroy. Cochin is made the seat of government, and forts erected 
The Cannanor-fort[ st angelo 1505]
[Fort Anjediva, built on the Anjadip Island, off the coast of the Indian state of Karnataka]
Portuguese fort at Anjidiva [
Moors put to defeat their ships are burnt.
1506
Lorenzo de Almeida concentrates his ships at Can-
nanor against the fleet of the Zamorin, and defeats the combined
fleet of Turkish and Moorish allies. Lorenzo sails south, and
reaches Ceylon, where a treaty is concluded.
April 18.
Da Cunha leaves Lisbon with Alphonso de Albu-
querque as Viceroy elect. He visits the Red Sea and Persian
Gulf, where some captains mutiny and proceed straight to India.
He now defeated the Zamorin, founded and fortified a settlement
at Goa ; then sailed to the Straits of Malacca, and took the city
in Feb. 1510; reduced the Molucca and Banda islands, and in
1 5 14 reduced Ormuz, the chief port in the Persian Gulf. Thus
in twelve years he had acquired for Portugal all the chief trading
ports from the Cape to China — extending to 12,000 miles of
coast.
April 27. De Brito besieged in Cannanor by the Kolattiri, the Zamorin and the Moors, but a fleet under Da Cunha arrives from Europe and raises the siege. Peace is concluded.
A combined fleet of Turks and Gujaratis, under Malik Ayaz, the Amlr-ul-Umara, Governor of Diu, attacks the Portuguese off Chaul, each side claiming the victory. Nov. 27. Almeida, with the fleet, destroys Ponnani, the Zamorin's port. Dec. 6. The Portuguese fleet sails for Europe.
A large fleet prepared in Egypt, under Mir Husain, having on board 500 Mamluks and the Zamorin's ambassador. Mayimama Marakkar, engages the Portuguese fleet at Chaul, The Commander, Lorenzo de Almeida, and his crew are killed. Nov. 12. His father, Francisco de Almeida, in revenge, sends a fleet which burns some Calicut ships and arrives at Cannanor on Nov. 25. Dec. 12, the fleet pursues Mir Husain and enters Dabhol on Dec. 30. He takes the town and massacres the inhabitants.
Dec. 14. Albuquerque, the Viceroy, is unable to eject Almeida.
Both send despatches under this date to Dom Manuel.
Jan. 5. The Portuguese fleet sails from Dabhol. Jan. 21,
lands at Mahim. Feb. 3, engages and defeats the Musalman
fleet under Mir Husain in the harbour of Diu. March 8, Almeida
enters Cochin in triumph. Albuquerque is now a prisoner. Oct.
29, Dom Fernando Coutinho arrives from Portugal with orders
to instal Albuquerque as Governor-General, and (Nov. 5) he is
proclaimed Viceroy at Cochin,
Jan. 4. Albuquerque and Coutinho arrive at Calicut, burn
the Zamorin's palace, and destroy the place ; but the natives
rallying, Coutinho is attacked in the palace and killed, with
eighty men, and Albuquerque escapes with a wound. He then
withdraws with the fleet to Cochin.
Friar Luiz sent as ambassador to Vijayanagar, to seek help
against the Zamorin.
June. In order to ruin Muslim trade with China, Albuquerque
strikes at Malacca, and takes the city on July 26, slaughtering the
natives. A fort called "A Famosa " is erected, and rebellion
crushed. Dec, Albuquerque leaves Malacca, but loses rich booty
by shipwreck.
1513
Feb. 10. Dom Garcia de Noronha reports the Zamorin of
Calicut willing to make peace. An embassy is unsuccessful, but
the Zamorin is poisoned by his brother, who concludes peace
and grants a site for a factory, which was at once erected.
July. Attempts made by Albuquerque to plant a factory at
Ormuz. He exacts tribute
Portuguese factory at Hormuz under muscat sultan 1550
Duarte Barbosa travels in India — visits Vijayanagar, 1504-15.
vijay nagar in ruins
An expedition to China is undertaken by Perez, a Portuguese,
The Portuguese governor concludes a treaty with the Queen
of Quilon (Kollam), and a new factory is erected.
John de Sylveyra enters the port of Chittagaon, and the Arakanese invite the Portuguese to trade with them.
Soarez makes an expedition to Ceylon, with soldiers and
artizans. Sept. 18: He arrives at Point de Galle, obtains tribute
and a site for a fortress, which when completed is put in charge of
Joao de Sylveyra.
Portuguese prisoner of war making a fort near Kandy in Ceylon[sri Lanka]
Albuquerque is recalled, and the Portuguese power in the East from this time begins to decline.
Fort Thomas at Tangasseri[kollam] is besieged by the Muhammadans.
1520
An expedition to Sumatra undertaken by Jorge de Albuquerque,
who storms Pachim, restores a friendly Raja, and erects a
fort. An attack on Bintang is repulsed, the Portuguese losing
heavily.
Portuguese fort at Sumatra -indonesia
Dec. 22. Dom Duarte de Menezes takes office as Governor
at Goa,
1523
Dabhol -fort maharashtra -india
is made tributary to the Portuguese ; and Malik Ayaz is compelled to quit Chaul
fort at chaul near bombay
. Revolts at Ormuz are occasioned by the insolence of the Portuguese officials.
April. The Portuguese confirm Isma'il 'Adil Shah in possession of the Goa mainland.
Portuguese expeditions to Malacca, Pahang, Java, and Banda
are attended with loss.
They establish a strong fort at Cranganor,
which they enlarged in 1565.
fort at cranganore[kodungalloor-kerala]india
Heytor da Sylveira becomes master of Aden, which is
made an open port for Portuguese vessels. The king maltreats
a crew and seizes the cargo.
ancient sirah fort at Aden
1525-26
Sept. 25. Vasco da Gama, Conde de Vidigueyra, arrives at
Calicut as Viceroy, to supersede Menezes. He appoints able
officers and reorganises the administration.
Dec. 24. Vasco da Gama dies at Cochin. The Royal
Despatch is found to appoint Dom Henrique de Menezes as
successor, with Lopo Vaz de Sampayo as interim governor.
vasco da gama's original grave site at cochin-kerala
Feb. The Zamorin attacks the Portuguese factory at Calicut,
on which Menezes attacks and storms Ponnani, burns the ships
at Calicut, and destroys the native settlements and shipping at
Dharmapattam and Mahe.
portuguese factory and fort near pondicherry -india
F'rom June 13 till Oct. 31 the
Zamorin besieges the Calicut fort, which is abandoned.
portuguese fort at Tallassery-kerala
Many of the Malay kings make peace with the Portuguese.
MALACCA FORT -MALAYA-PORTUGUESE
Feb. 21. Dom Henrique de Menezes, Governor at Goa,
dies at Cannanor. Lope Vaz de Sampayo acts, pending the
arrival of the next nominee. Goa, Cochin, and Cannanor are
fortified against an expected Turkish invasion. At Tidor, Dom
Garcia Henriques, by disarming and firing the town to settle
disputes, brings the Portuguese into disrepute. On Dec. 31 a
Spanish ship arrives there, and the Spaniards join the natives
in expelling the Portuguese.
CORJUEM FORT-GOA
AGUADA FORT -GOA
Feb. 28. Pedro Mascarenhas, Governor-elect of Goa, returning
from Malacca, is wounded at Cochin and imprisoned at Goa,
Lope Vaz refusing trial. Arbitration is resorted to, and on
Dec. 26 Lope Vaz de Sampayo is acknowledged governor.
The Gujarat fleet defeated by the Portuguese off Chaul.
Oct. 15. Lope Vaz de Sampayo takes Porca (Purakkat),
defended by the natives.
MAP OF TRAVANCORE;COCHI AND MALABAR AREAS OF KERALA -1606]
The Portuguese side with Nizam-ul-i-Mulk against Bahadur
Shah. Chaul is strengthened and the Gujarat fleet pursued, and
in an action off Bandra 73 out of 80 Gujarat ships are
captured.
view from bandra-portuguese fort,
The Molucca Islands transferred from Spain to Portugal for a
large sum.
PORTUGUESE ATTACK ON MAKKASAR-INDONESIA
LATER ATTACK BY DUTCH COLONIZING ARMY
Feb. 7 With a large armament Nuno da Cunha takes Syal or
Syalbet, on the coast of Kathiawar, by the sword. Feb. 16,
he attacks Diu, but finds it impregnable. He leaves Antonio
de vSaldanha with sixty ships to plunder the Khambay ports, and
on the way south he destroys Balsar, Tarapur, Kelva-Mahim,
and Agashi.
PORTUGUESE FORT AT DIU GUJERAT
March. The Portuguese drive the natives from Mangalor
and Daman. The commander of Chaul, defeated by a Gujarat
force, is deprived of office. The Portuguese are driven by the
natives from Ternate.
FORT AT DAMAN BY PORTUGUESE
Fort of Korjuem,built in 1705,when the inland portuguese expansion began. In the eighteenth century this fort protected the portuguese from the Marahtas,Bhonsles and Rane Rajputs.This fort is situated 4km north of Pomburpa, alongside the Mapusa river near the village of Aldona
Mormugão Fort,in ruins today.Its work started in 1624. It covered an area of six miles in circumference, contained towering bulwarks, three magazines, five prisons, a chapel and quarters for the guard. It had 53 guns and a garrison with 4 officers, and was an important fortress on the western coast. Unfortunately, except the chapel and a portion of the boundary wall, little is left of this fort.
The major fort called Forto Novo de Tivim was built by the Count of Linhares in 1635.On March 5, 1739, Khem Sawant (Bhosle) scaled the walls of Colvale fort and captured it. A more terrible fate awaited the military officials at the Tivim Fort, which the Bhosle army captured in October 1739 in a bloody battle.
Fortaleza de S.Tiago,Banastarim:
Mozambique fort-AFRICA--Ibo Fortress, (North)
Forte of Jesus,Mombassa,Kenia Fort Jesus was built after the Portuguese had been masters of the East African coast for nearly an hundred years.
Zanzibar,the Portuguese "Old Fort". Spice island of Zanzibar lies off the coast of Tanzania,portuguese until c1700
West Africa,S Miguel Fortress It is the first defensive edification built in Angola, and Paulo Dias de Novais, the first Governor of Angola who unshiped in Luanda in 1575
An old map : "The struggle for colonial dominion,1700-1763" The British,Dutch,Portuguese,Spanish and French possessions around the world.
Portuguese Uniforms from XVIII century
Uniform of the Portuguese infantry in the city of Goa (Índia)
Cavalry Regiment of Évora in 1764
Viceroy Guard in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in 1764
Infantry Regiment of Braga in 1783
1532
Turks arrive in Gujarat, under Mustafa RiimT, and
Bahadur assigns them a dwelling at Diu. Several Lodi chiefs
find refuge at Bahadur's court, which offends the Emperor
Humayun. Oct., Bahadur conquers and garrisons the Bagar
country.
The Portuguese under Da Cunha burn all the towns from
Bassein to Tarapur, and levy contributions from Thana and
Bombay.
PORTUGUESE FORT VASAI -BOMBAY
FORT AT TARAPUR NORTH OF BOMBAY
Nuno da Cunha takes Bassein from a garrison of 12,000 men,
and razes the fortifications, and an attempt is made to take
Daman.
1535
The Zamorin of Calicut, after being defeated in six battles, ceases hostilities.
The Portuguese attack and take Cranganor, and build a fort. A citadel built at Diu is cut off from the town by a wall erected
by Bahadur.
The Zamorin, assisted by Pate Marakkar, a wealthy merchant,
A sketch of Marakkar Fort found in a Portuguese document.
The staircase captured from a Portuguese Ship on the event of one of Marakkar’s victory over Portuguese. Madonna can be seen engraved on it. It is kept in the Kottakkal juma masjid and used as a platform during the ‘juma’ prayer.
ancestral home of Kunhali Maraikkar
makes sporadic attacks on the Portuguese and also on the King
of Ceylon.
Goa is made an episcopal see by Pope Paul III., and put
under the Metropolitan of Funchal. The first bishop was Dom
Francisco de Mela. The Portuguese found a settlement at Hugh
near the old site of Satgaon
Feb. 15. Martin Affonso defeats a fleet under Pate Marakkar
at Bandala, rescues Portuguese prisoners, and captures twenty-
three barques. He raises the siege of Colombo, where the king's
brother, Madune Pandar, vvas in revolt.
Sept. A Turkish expedition arrives to exterminate the Portu-
guese in India, and bombards Diu for twenty days. The expected
arrival of a new Viceroy and fleet causes the armada to retire on
Nov. 25.
Sept. 24. Dom Garcia de Noronha reaches Goa as Viceroy. The new Viceroy, Dom Garcia de Noronha, visits Dili, and on Feb. 26 concludes a treaty with Khwaja Zafar, granting Mahmud Shah two-thirds of the revenue. The peace of Diu causes hostilities elsewhere to cease.
Jan. A treaty is concluded by the Portuguese with the
Zamorin for thirty years. Trade facilities and su[)port in time
of war are provided. Treaties are also concluded with the Kings
of Bijapur and Ahmadnagar.
1542
Jan. A Portuguese expedition leaves Goa for Suez, and on the
way several cities are sacked, and ships captured.
July. The fleet arrives at Goa. This year a Portuguese
galleon
with cargo is captured by the French off the Azores.
May 6. Francis Xavier lands at Goa as the first Jesuit
missionary.
Sept. Martin Affonso da Sousa succeeds Estevao da Gama
as governor. He reduces the pay of the soldiers, and compels the
Queen of Bhatkal to pay tribute. The entire customs of Ormuz
are relinquished by the king.
A Portuguese expedition to China discovers Japan.
1542
Sept. I. Dom Joao de Castro, with a fleet of six sail, arrives
at Goa to succeed Martin Affonso de Sousa.
Friar Vincent of the Franciscan Order
commences a mission
at Cranganor among the Syrian Christians. Failing in this, he
is assisted by the Viceroy and Bishop of Goa in erecting a college,
but the native Church refuses to recognise the orders of the
students ordained there.
Nov. 4. By a treaty with the Spaniards, Tidor is regained for
the Portuguese, the Spaniards receiving Ternate.
Renewed incursions made by the Portuguese on the coast
towns of Gujarat, towns and ships being burnt.
April II. The Portuguese governor, having settled Diu,
returns to Goa, and finding Salsette and Bardes still occupied by
the Bijapur troops, proceeds to eject them. Treaties are now
concluded with the Kings of Vijayanagar
(Sept. 19) and Ahmad-
nagar (Oct. 6), constituting a triple league against Bijapur.
Many converts to Romanism made in Ceylon by Antonio del
Padrou, first Commissary of St Francisco in India.
Gabriel de Ataide, a Portuguese priest, digging the foundations
for a church at the little Mount, Mailapur, professed to find a
cross stained with the blood of St Thomas. The place was
occupied by the Order of the Pelerino about 1551.
The Portuguese defeat the King of Achln, Sumatra, in a naval
battle.
Aug. 6. Eleven ships bring the first Dominican Friars
to
India; a convent founded at Goa.
Mahmud Shah of Gujarat concludes a peace with the Portu-
guese much in their favour.
1551
July. Garcia da Sa dies. Aug. 11, Jorge Cabral
succeeds as six-
teenth governor at Goa. The Zamorin and the chief of the pepper
district defeat the Portuguese and the Cochin Raja at Bardela.
Nov.
The Zamorin,
with eighteen princes, invades Cochin.
The Viceroy forbids an attack, and allows the army to retreat.
In Ceylon the Portuguese lose 800 men in defending the
Kings of Kotta and Kandy. The Viceroy visits Ceylon,
ostensibly to relieve the friendly King of Sitawakka, but really
to capture his treasure.
Chamba territory ravaged by the Portuguese in revenge for
the detention of the homeward bound fleet. Maskat lost to
the Portuguese, also Ormuz town.
Aug. 15. Gil Fernandez de Carvalho, with an expedition
fitted out at his own cost, drives off the Turkish fleet from Ormuz.
Dec. 2. Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary to India
, dies
near Macao. Canonised at Goa 1622.
The Portuguese burn the chief towns of the "Pepper Country,"
whereupon the chief sues for peace. The natives at Dm are
ordered to leave and the castle is demolished. Diogo de Noronha
is beaten back with loss.
Aug. 26. Fernando de Noronha captures six Turkish vessels.
Seven are later driven into Surat.
1555
The Queen of Olala (Ullala), 2 miles south from Mangalor
refuses tribute to the Portuguese ; they ravage her territory and
exact tribute by force.
Insurrections break out in Ceylon,
many of Xavier's converts
being put to death. The Portuguese attack and take Palandu.
1557
The Zamorin of Calicut appeals to Bijapur and Ahmadnagar
for help against the Portuguese.
Pope Paul V.
makes Goa a metropolitan see, promoting the
second bishop, Juan de Albuquerque to be first archbishop ; and
at the same time sets up the Inquisition at Goa.
Sept. Dom Constantino de Braganza succeeds Baretto as
twentieth Viceroy of Portuguese India.
1564
![[cannon+at+fort+cochin.jpg]](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_RCK_S9RRato/SmgbmR72U8I/AAAAAAAABLU/4-woA96qVug/s640/cannon%2Bat%2Bfort%2Bcochin.jpg)
No comments:
Post a Comment