BMC GIVES SUCH ALARMS EVERY YEAR;BUT NEVER DID ANY LONG TERM PLANNING FOR
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Desalination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DesalinationEnergy consumption of sea water desalination can be as low as 3 kWh/m3, including pre-filtering and ancillaries, similar to the energy consumption of existing ...
How Seawater Desalination Works - YouTube
www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZ7bgkFgqJQ
May 1, 2013 - Uploaded by DVSMarketingCASE STUDY: Desalination is a complicated process, the SevenSeas Corp.* approached DaVinci Studio to ...
3 Ways to Turn Salt Water Into Drinking Water - wikiHow
www.wikihow.com › ... › Subjects › Science › ChemistryJump to Using Solar Desalination - Method 3 of 3: Using Solar Desalination ... If it is leaking, your salt water will drain away before it can form steam to ...
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More images for sea water purification
Can you make seawater drinkable? | APEC Water
www.freedrinkingwater.com/water.../1-make-seawater-drinkable.htmSeawater can be made drinkable using desalination, though it costs more than otherwater supply alternatives. However, desaliniation should be a viable option
...
Desalination: Drink a cup of seawater? - US Geological ...
https://water.usgs.gov/edu/drinkseawater.htmlMar 17, 2014 - How 'bout a cool, refreshing cup of seawater? ... The process is calleddesalination, and it is being used more and more around the world to ...
Eight Technologies for Drinkable Seawater - IEEE Spectrum
spectrum.ieee.org/energy/.../eight-technologies-for-drinkable-seawaterMay 28, 2010 - Desalination—removing dissolved minerals from seawater, brackish groundwater, or treated wastewater—appears at first glance to be the ...
Why can't we convert salt water into drinking water ...
adventure.howstuffworks.com/survival/wilderness/convert-salt-water.htmBut when taken to the scale of cities, states and nations, purifying seawater has historically proven prohibitively expensive, especially when compared to tapping
...
Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant - Tampa Bay Water
www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination-plant.aspxThe Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant is a drought-proof, alternative water supply that provides up to 25 million gallons per day of drinking water to the ...
Why don't we get our drinking water from the ocean by ...
www.scientificamerican.com › Energy & Sustainability › Ask the ExpertsJul 23, 2008 - The problem is that the desalination of water requires a lot of energy.Salt dissolves very easily in water, forming strong chemical bonds, and ...
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Desalination may not come to Mumbai's rescue | BMC in the ...
www.karmayog.org/bmc/bmc_27780.htmChief minister Ashok Chavan had announced plans to set the desalination plants rolling within six months during the winter session. The hydraulic engineers ...
After foreign trip, Ashok Chavan fast-tracks desalination ...
www.dnaindia.com › News › India › MumbaiJun 24, 2010 - When asked about the Birhanmumbai Municipal Corporation's (BMC)plans to set a desalination plant, Gaikwad said that the MMRDA will only ...
Desalination to quench Mumbai's thirst? | Latest News ...
www.dnaindia.com › Speak-upNov 9, 2009 - The BMC projects a rosy picture, but it has hardly implemented any planproperly. I'm not sure of the quality of water from the desalination ...
Mumbai will get two desalination plants - The Times of India
timesofindia.indiatimes.com › CitySep 7, 2010 - ... ambitious plans to set up desalination plants in the state finally took shape on ... "While the BMC will take care of the project in the island city, ...
BMC CLOUD SEEDINGS -THEN(2009) AND NOW(2012)
newsaroundnews.blogspot.com/.../bmc-cloud-seedings-then2009-and-now...Jul 30, 2012 - "At the cost of citizens, the BMC supplies water to commercial .... After foreign trip, Ashok Chavan fast-tracks desalination plans for ...
May we have our desalination plants please? - News
www.mid-day.com › News › National NewsMay 9, 2011 - "We requested the chief minister to consider the desalination project as an ... (BMC) had in 2009 announced plans for setting up desalination ...
Bombay Photo Images[ Mumbai]: MUMBAI-Desalination of ...
oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/.../desalination-of-sea-water-politicians....Jun 28, 2014 - Sep 7, 2010 - "While the BMC will take care of the project in the island city, ... MMRDA plans desalination plants to tackle crisis | Latest .
'Unviable' desalination plan rubs salt into water woes - Archive
archive.indianexpress.com/news/-unviable--desalination-plan.../812712/Jul 5, 2011 - ... about an ambitious desalination project to process sea water into regular water, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation's (BMC) plan is yet ...
Civic body picks holes in govt's water solution - Indian Express
archive.indianexpress.com/news/civic-body-picks-holes-in.../553878/Dec 14, 2009 - Desalination plant : 'Showpiece, won't work' The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has rubbished the state government's plan to set ...
BMC plans to hike water cuts by another 10% in Mumbai ...
www.ncrnews.co.in/.../bmc-plans-to-hike-water-cuts-by-another-10-in-m...Jul 9, 2014 - BMC plans to hike water cuts by another 10% in Mumbai ... Asked whyBMC couldn't desalinate water the way Chennai does, Jalota said, “The ...
BMC plans to invite tenders for cloud seeding | The Indian ...
indianexpress.com › cities › mumbaiMay 21, 2014 - After writing to the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, requesting technical advice to adopt cloud seeding technology, the ...
Rain gods pour cold water on BMC's cloud seeding plans ...
www.dnaindia.com › News › India › MumbaiAug 2, 2014 - Rain gods pour cold water on BMC's cloud seeding plans, save Rs 24 crore - What is cloud seeding? Cloud seeding is a process of enhancing ...
Rainfall up in catchment areas, but BMC pushes cloud ...
timesofindia.indiatimes.com › CityJul 22, 2014 - Meanwhile, due to the fluctuating state of monsoon, the BMC has also lined up a Plan B of cloud seeding. On Saturday, the civic body received ...
Cloud-seeding plan: Parties criticise BMC for cost escalation ...
www.hindustantimes.com › India-News › MumbaiAug 24, 2012 - The civic body's cloud-seeding project has run into fresh trouble, with the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) opposing the 'costly' and ...
BMC may turn to cloud seeding to tackle Mumbai's water ...
www.mid-day.com › News › National News
Jul 16, 2014 - After witnessing a slow start to the monsoon season, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) is now planning 'cloud seeding' in ...BMC plans cloud seeding for Vihar - India Environment Portal
www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/.../bmc-plans-cloud-seeding-for-vih...Aug 29, 2009 - Mumbai: The BMC is planning another cloud seeding experiment at the catchment area near Vihar lake to induce rains and address water ...
BMC plans cloud seeding in case of low rainfall by June ...
www.freepressjournal.in/bmc plans-cloud-seeding-in-case-of-low-rainfal...May 20, 2014 - Mumbai : The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has decided to resort to cloud-seeding in the eventuality of a lesser than expected ...
Getting The Artificial Rain Process – Cloud Seeding in ...
www.mumbai77.com/city/3692/information-about/cloud-seeding/Jul 16, 2014 - We wrote about artificial rain process back in 2009 and after years BMC plans the cloud seeding process again. The project failed back then ...
Rain gods pour cold water on BMC's cloud seeding plans ...
www.scoopnest.com/user/dna/495390764667371520Rain gods pour cold water on BMC's cloud seeding plans, save Rs 24 crore ... a bucket of cold water on Shadow Chancellor's plans": Osborne's hilarious A to ...MUMBAI-seedy projects to seed the clouds for rain
oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/.../mumbai-seedy-projects-to-seed-clou...Jun 28, 2014 - BMC plans to invite tenders for cloud seeding | The Indian ... indianexpress.com/..
./mumbai/bmc-plans-to-invite-tenders-for-cloud-see... May 21 ...
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Next Aided by the Sea, Israel Overcomes an Old Foe: Drought
In Israel, Desalinization at the Heart of a Water Revolution
CreditUriel Sinai for The New York Times
JERUSALEM — At the peak of the drought, Shabi Zvieli, an Israeli gardener, feared for his livelihood.
A
hefty tax was placed on excessive household water consumption,
penalizing families with lawns, swimming pools or leaky pipes. So many
of Mr. Zvieli’s clients went over to synthetic grass and swapped their
seasonal blooms for hardy, indigenous plants more suited to a semiarid
climate. “I worried about where gardening was going,” said Mr. Zvieli,
56, who has tended people’s yards for about 25 years.
Across
the country, Israelis were told to cut their shower time by two
minutes. Washing cars with hoses was outlawed and those few wealthy
enough to absorb the cost of maintaining a lawn were permitted to water
it only at night.
“We
were in a situation where we were very, very close to someone opening a
tap somewhere in the country and no water would come out,” said Uri
Schor, the spokesman and public education director of the government’s
Water Authority.
But that was about six years ago. Today, there is plenty of water in Israel. A lighter version of an old “Israel
is drying up” campaign has been dusted off to advertise baby diapers.
“The fear has gone,” said Mr. Zvieli, whose customers have gone back to
planting flowers.
Desalination plants
Sea of
Galilee
Haifa
Mediterranean
Sea
ISRAEL
Hadera
Coastal Water
Carrier
WEST BANK
Tel Aviv
Jordan
River
Sorek
Ramallah
Palmachim
Jerusalem
Ramat
Rachel
Ashkelon
Dead
Sea
20 miles
As
California and other western areas of the United States grapple with an
extreme drought, a revolution has taken place here. A major national
effort to desalinate Mediterranean seawater and to recycle wastewater
has provided the country with enough water for all its needs, even
during severe droughts. More than 50 percent of the water for Israeli
households, agriculture and industry is now artificially produced.
During
the drought years, farmers at Ramat Rachel, a kibbutz on the southern
outskirts of Jerusalem, took water-economizing measures like uprooting
old apple orchards a few years before their time. With the new plenty,
water allocations for Israeli farmers that had been slashed have been
raised again, though the price has also gone up.
“Now
there is no problem of water,” said Shaul Ben-Dov, an agronomist at
Ramat Rachel. “The price is higher, but we can live a normal life in a
country that is half desert.”
With
its part-Mediterranean, part-desert climate, Israel had suffered from
chronic shortages and exploitation of its natural water resources for
decades.
The
natural fresh water at Israel’s disposal in an average year does not
cover its total use of roughly 525 billion gallons. The demand for
potable water is projected to rise to 515 billion gallons by 2030, from
317 billion gallons this year.
The
turnaround came with a seven-year drought, one of the most severe to
hit modern Israel, that began in 2005 and peaked in the winter of 2008
to 2009. The country’s main natural water sources — the Sea of Galilee
in the north and the mountain and coastal aquifers — were severely
depleted, threatening a potentially irreversible deterioration of the
water quality.
Measures
to increase the supply and reduce the demand were accelerated, overseen
by the Water Authority, a powerful interministerial agency established
in 2007.
Desalination
emerged as one focus of the government’s efforts, with four major
plants going into operation over the past decade. A fifth one should be
ready to operate within months. Together, they will produce a total of
more than 130 billion gallons of potable water a year, with a goal of
200 billion gallons by 2020.
Israel
has, in the meantime, become the world leader in recycling and reusing
wastewater for agriculture. It treats 86 percent of its domestic
wastewater and recycles it for agricultural use — about 55 percent of
the total water used for agriculture. Spain is second to Israel,
recycling 17 percent of its effluent, while the United States recycles
just 1 percent, according to Water Authority data.
Before
the establishment of the Water Authority, various ministries were
responsible for different aspects of the water issue, each with its own
interests and lobbies.
“There
was a lot of hydro-politics,” said Eli Feinerman of the faculty of
agriculture, food and environment at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
who served for years as a public representative on the authority’s
council. “The right hand did not know what the left was doing.”
The
Israeli government began by making huge cuts in the annual water quotas
for farmers, ending decades of extravagant overuse of heavily
subsidized water for agriculture.
The
tax for surplus household use was dropped at the end of 2009 and a
two-tiered tariff system was introduced. Regular household water use is
now subsidized by a slightly higher rate paid by those who consume more
than the basic allotment.
Water
Authority representatives went house to house offering to fit free
devices on shower heads and taps that inject air into the water stream,
saving about a third of the water used while still giving the impression
of a strong flow.
Officials say that wiser use of water has led to a reduction in household consumption of up to 18 percent in recent years.
And
instead of the municipal authorities being responsible for the
maintenance of city pipe networks, local corporations have been formed.
The money collected for water is reinvested in the infrastructure.
Mekorot,
the national water company, built the national water carrier 50 years
ago, a system for transporting water from the Sea of Galilee in the
north through the heavily populated center to the arid south. Now it is
building new infrastructure to carry water west to east, from the
Mediterranean coast inland.
In
the parched Middle East, water also has strategic implications.
Struggles between Israel and its Arab neighbors over water rights in the
Jordan River basin contributed to tensions leading to the 1967 Middle
East war.
Israel, which shares the mountain aquifer with the West Bank, says it provides the Palestinians with more water than it is obliged to under the existing peace accords. The Palestinians
say it is not enough and too expensive. A new era of water generosity
could help foster relations with the Palestinians and with Jordan.
Desalination,
long shunned by many as a costly energy-guzzler with a heavy carbon
footprint, is becoming cheaper, cleaner and more energy efficient as
technologies advance. Sidney Loeb, the American scientist who invented
the popular reverse osmosis method, came to live in Israel in 1967 and
taught the water professionals here.
The Sorek desalination plant rises out of the sandy ground about nine miles south of Tel Aviv. Said to be the largest plant of its kind in the world, it produces 40 billion gallons of potable water a year, enough for about a sixth of Israel’s roughly eight million citizens.
Miriam
Faigon, the director of the solutions department at IDE Technologies,
the Israeli company that built three of the plants along the
Mediterranean, said that the company had cut energy levels and costs
with new technologies and a variety of practical methods.
Under
a complex arrangement, the plants will be transferred to state
ownership after 25 years. For now, the state buys Sorek’s desalinated
water for a relatively cheap 58 cents a cubic meter — more than free
rainwater, Ms. Faigon acknowledged, “but that’s only if you have it.”
Israeli
environmentalists say the rush to desalination has partly come at the
expense of alternatives like treating natural water reserves that have
become polluted by industry, particularly the military industries in the
coastal plain.
“We
definitely felt that Israel did need to move toward desalination,” said
Sarit Caspi-Oron, a water expert at the nongovernment Israel Union for
Environmental Defense. “But it is a question of how much, and of
priorities. Our first priority was conservation and treating and
reclaiming our water sources.”
Some
environmentalists also say that the open-ocean intake method used by
Israel’s desalination plants, in line with local regulations, as opposed
to subsurface intakes, has a potentially destructive effect on sea
life, sucking in billions of fish eggs and larvae.
But
Boaz Mayzel, a marine biologist at the Israel Union for Environmental
Defense, said that the effects were not yet known and would have to be
checked over time.
Some
Israelis are cynical about the water revolution. Tsur Shezaf, an
Israeli journalist and the owner of a farm that produces wine and olives
in the southern Negev, argues that desalination is essentially a
privatization of Israel’s water supply that benefits a few tycoons,
while recycling for agriculture allows the state to sell the same water
twice.
Mr.
Shezaf plants his vines in a way that maximizes the use of natural
floodwaters in the area, as in ancient times, and irrigates the rest of
the year with a mix of desalinated water and fresh water. He prefers to
avoid the cheaper recycled water, he says, because, “You don’t know
exactly what you are getting.”
But
experts say that the wastewater from Israel’s densely populated Tel
Aviv area is treated to such a high level that no harm would come to
anyone who accidentally drank it.
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