[PART-1Ahttp://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/09/1a-bombaymumbai-taxi-1850-to-2001-also_3982.html
[PART-1Bhttp://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/09/1-b-bombaymumbai-taxi-1850-to-2001-also.html
PART-2]http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/04/glimpses-of-ol-bombay-and-western.html
[PART-3]http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/04/glimpses-of-old-bombay-and-western_02.html
[PART-4]http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/04/4glimpses-of-old-bombay-and-western.htm
[PART-6]http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/04/6.html
[PART-7]http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/04/6-glimpses-of-old-bombay-and-western.html
[PART-8]http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/04/7.htm
[PART-9]http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/04/first-anglo-maratha-war-was-first-of.html
[PART 10]http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/06/bombay-history-of-cinema-1896-and.html
[part11]http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/06/indian-modes-of-irrigation1874-elephant.html
[PART12] MAPS OF BOMBAY 1843 TO 1954http://oldphotosbombay.blogspot.com/2011/06/maps-of-mumbai-bombay.html
6 DEDICATED TO THE FIRST CITY-MUMBAI-[BOMBAY] ;OF INDIA.part-6 OF 12
Glimpses of old Bombay and western India, with other papers (1900)
DELAY OF DAK POST,TRAVEL DIFFICULTIES,DACOITY OF POST AT PAREL,TIGER ATTACK POST AT SALCETTE(VASAI)BULLOCK CARTS,PALKIS,HORSE OMNIBUSES,BUGGIES,TRAMS
 |
the steamer generally took three hours from the time she was signalled until she was anchored, and three hours more were required to sort the letters.
The transport of the mails before this throughout India was generally done by dak-runners, who ran three koss, or six miles, with the mail bags, and had often to cross swollen rivers.
In 1810 the mail to the north was robbed by a gang of persons on Parell road.
 |
| parel government house |
From 1816 to 1821 the Calcutta dak to Bombay, 1,300 miles, took eighteen and a half days, which was reduced in 1824 to twelve days seven and a half hours, and this was thought extraordinarily quick.
The arrival of the Calcutta mail was always a source of general interest, for, from the condition in which the letters arrived, was judged what the weather was in the interior.
Absolutely,, this was all people then had in place of our elaborate daily telegraphic weather reports.
The corre- spondence with Calcutta was limited.
In 1826 the mail was lost between Calcutta and Nagpore. It consisted of only fortyfive letters.
In 1826 the mail was lost between Calcutta and Nagpore. It consisted of only fortyfive letters.
In 1833 the Surat dak-tapal was drowned,
and in 1850 a mail gharry in Salsette was bowled over by a tiger,
| Caption | The Post Palanquin of India. Illustration for Chatterbox, 1870. |
|---|---|
| Creator | English School (19th century) |
| Artwork medium | engraving (digitally cleaned) |
| Credit | Look and Learn |
| Search stock images by keyword | Post Palanquin India Litters All Nations Post Palanquin of India |
![Bombay Photo Images[ Mumbai]: BOMBAY TO CALCUTTA 1825.1,400 miles in 25 DAYS, IN A PALANQUIN ,AMONG TIGERS AND DACOITS [.travelogue of 1845]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEgRDrJZ1U1qJLNEP-tGlYPCOxwJ2k5E4VlJ2M_rLhrgH784z-s54loaLQMQL79e1__Bq-zg2Sc53sV0Uhyphenhyphen8tP5wCWOTm9EhAXFDu1YxWRRDZXg96BUtA-AaoiX9DXA4U24zVW_J4NeOXDNjaHhRtkCM0ZWEgvU5PQ_u97D-bSN6ZhXyQ0UMCrtNs895AzUSq_sUv1o0CMSQ8MPKJQ0=)
1500 × 1187Bombay Photo Images[ Mumbai]
.
A gharry in India, 1860s |
Stamp: Dawk Gharry, 1842 (India) (India ...
And on one occasion, before 1843, her Majesty's mails were lost in a buggalow eighty miles from Aden, but were recovered, though much saturated.
Buggalow ship of adenA gharry in India, 1860s |
Product
colnect.com · In stock
And on one occasion, before 1843, her Majesty's mails were lost in a buggalow eighty miles from Aden, but were recovered, though much saturated.
In 1853 the postage on a daily paper for a moderate distance in India was Rs. 50 per annum. In 1859 first-class fare, Southampton to London, was reduced from £95 to £85
grandhotelsegypt.com
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. People who came in the vans or omnibuses from Cairo to Suez in the " fifties " did not soon forget it. They were well horsed, but the road was a caution — mounds of sand and gravel.
We had a bi-monthly mail in 1845. In 1860, July 6th, fortnightly mails commenced.
In 1868, March 23rd, " we are now hourly expecting our first weekly mail."
Carriages. We will now speak of carriages.
A barouche, a carriage of German origin which was introduced into England in the 1760s
A coach and six
bullock gharries
were quite fashionable in the end of last century, and Mr. Vaupell of the High Court, until he died in 1852, used to delight in driving a pair of fast-trotting oxen from Bandora to the Fort daily.
In Qui Hi's last journey to Padre Burrough's Godown (1814), the tattered and lugubrious hearse is depicted as drawn by oxen. But carriages soon began to prevail.
In 1821 Mr. Mitchell advertises that he will not do any business in coach-building except for ready-money, so the demand had exceeded the supply on credit.
The Modern Idol Jaggernaut
In 1824 Mr. Lewis Collett advertises that he will continue the coach- making business of Mr. John Mitchell, and soon Collett's equipages were in the language of the day " all the go.
" For business locomotion the palky was everywhere,
but the last specimen in Bombay will soon, like the sedan chairs of our great-grandmothers, be relegated to the museum of antiquities.
but the last specimen in Bombay will soon, like the sedan chairs of our great-grandmothers, be relegated to the museum of antiquities.
1 am sure the Esplanade was never so crowded with fashionable equipages as it was in the season of 1865.
It was a perfect carnival. Steamers
were then coming with sometimes a million sterling of bar silver, an instalment of the eighty millions of profits which were said to have been
were then coming with sometimes a million sterling of bar silver, an instalment of the eighty millions of profits which were said to have been
made by Bombay traders during the American cotton famine, and the display of wealth did not seem out of proportion to the means of that period of exaltation.
These were the days when bungalows were wanted at Rs. 500, and Altamont was let at Rs. 1,000 a month.
It would be impossible in a sketch like this to chronicle even the names that were borne by the vehicles of this century, and which prevailed at different periods.
In the few years which succeeded 1818 we read of chariots,
Bengal-built dennets, coaches,
barouches,
shigrampos,
curricles,
Curricles, gigs and phaetons in the Regency
buggies,
1900 BUGGY HORSE-DRAWN BUGGY
Horse and buggy - Wikipedia
tilburys,
sociables, landaulets
, britzskas
and clarences.
Bengal-built dennets, coaches,
 |
| DENNET COACH |
barouches,
 |
| barouches, |
shigrampos,
curricles,
Curricles, gigs and phaetons in the Regency
regencyhistory.net
It is impossible to write a novel set in the late Georgian and Regency
periods without knowing something about carriages. Otherwise you might
send your hero driving around Hyde Park in the Georgian equivalent to a
Ford Galaxy when you really meant him to be driving a Ferrari!
What was the difference between a curricle and a phaeton?
Felton referred to a perch high phaeton rather than a high perch phaeton
which is the term I have heard before. This design was where the wheels
were very large, with the front wheel as much as five feet off the
ground and the rear wheel even higher at eight feet. The body of the
carriage sat right over the axle, above the front wheel. Both the
equipage and the person who drove it seem to have gained the nickname
high-flyer.
Middle-sized phaeton
Crane-neck middle-sized phaeton
One-horse phaeton
Felton wrote:
Felton wrote:
Sociable
Two-wheeled carriages
Speaking of two-wheeled carriages, Felton wrote:
A fixed or proper curricle
According to Felton:
Gigs
A gig was a light, two-wheeled carriage, driven by its owner, that was
normally drawn by a single horse. It only had room for the driver and a
single passenger though usually there was a small seat for the groom
behind the body. Some gigs had foldable heads (hoods) for protection
from the elements. These had side windows to enable the driver to have
some peripheral vision when it was up. A gig could also be called a
one-horse chaise.
In Northanger Abbey, Mr Thorpe has a one-horse gig rather than a curricle:
Jane Austen referred to her brothers James and Edward having chairs in
letters to her sister Cassandra. She may have been referring
specifically to a light chaise without door, quarter or back panels, but
I think it was more likely she just meant a light chaise.
In his glossary, Felton described a whiskey as:
Curricles, gigs and phaetons in the Regency
 |
| Ladies in a phaeton from Gallery of Fashion by Nikolaus von Heideloff (1794) |
I have already blogged about travelling chariots here: Travelling chariots. This post looks at that all-important question: what type of carriage would a fashionable gentleman be driving around Hyde Park in 1810 (when the novel I am working on is set)?
I had other questions too. What was the difference between a curricle
and a phaeton? And between a curricle and a gig? Were these terms hard
and fast, or were some of them used interchangeably? Would a fashionable
Regency gentleman have been more likely to drive a curricle, a gig or a
phaeton?
I have found the second volume of William Felton’s A Treatise on Carriages (1796)
particularly good at helping me to differentiate between the vehicles
in my mind – but his work also confirms that there is a lot of overlap.
 |
| A Dasher! Or the Road to Ruin in the West (5/11/1799) by T Rowlandson after GM Woodward published by R Ackermann |
The most obvious difference between these vehicles was the number of
wheels. Gigs, curricles, chaises, whiskeys and chairs all had two wheels
whilst phaetons had four.
Beyond this, the differences were the number of horses that usually pulled them, and the size and design of the vehicle.
Phaetons
Let’s start with the phaeton – a light, owner-driven carriage with four wheels.
Felton wrote:
Phaetons, for some years, have deservedly been regarded as the most pleasant sort of carriage in use, as they contribute, more than any other, to health, amusement, and fashion, with the superior advantage of lightness, over every other sort of four-wheeled carriages, and are much safer, and more easy to ride in, than those of two wheels.1
There were two main designs – perch and crane-neck – and these came in a
variety of sizes and designs, some high off the ground and some low. A
phaeton could be driven by one horse, a pair of horses, or according to
some sources, four horses. If pulled by a pair, these might be driven in
tandem, with one horse behind the other, as opposed to next to each
other as in a normal pair. Some phaetons were drawn by ponies rather
than horses.
Felton compared the perch phaeton to the crane-neck:
The perch carriage is of the most simple construction, and considerably lighter than the crane-neck; and as the width of the streets in the metropolis gives every advantage to their use in turning, they are the most general. The crane-neck carriage has much the superiority for convenience and elegance, and every grand or state equipage is this way built; but the weight of the cranes, and the additional strength of materials necessary for their support, make them considerably heavier that the others; but their ease and safety in turning in narrow confined places, and also their strength, render them indispensably necessary for foreign countries.2
Perch high phaeton
 |
| Perch high phaeton from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
In Fanny Burney’s Evelina, Lord Orville drives a phaeton:
Lord Orville drove very slow, and so cautiously, that, notwithstanding the height of the phaeton, fear would have been ridiculous.3
Later, Evelina writes about a visit to Bath:
As I had never had an opportunity of seeing Bath, a party was formed last night for showing me that celebrated city; and this morning, after breakfast, we set out in three phaetons. Lady Louisa and Mrs Beaumont with Lord Merton; Mr Coverley, Mr Lovel, and Mrs Selwyn; and myself with Lord Orville.4
This suggests that some phaetons could comfortably accommodate three people.
In Fanny Burney’s Camilla, Mrs Arlbery drives a phaeton:
'Dear! if there is not Mrs Arlbery in a beautiful high phaeton!'5
Crane-neck phaeton
 |
| Crane-neck phaeton from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
Felton wrote:
Although there are no established rules for the size of phaetons, yet a proportion should be observed according to the size of the horses, whether fifteen, fourteen, or thirteen hands high; as the appearance of both ought to be conformable to each other, therefore a middling-sized phaeton, to the middling, or Galloway, sized horses, suits best; many persons are very partial to this size of equipage, being less formidable in the appearance than the high, and more elegant than the low, phaeton; from the moderate size of them, they are, in general, called ladies’ phaetons, are best adapted for their amusement.6
The seat is not set so high or far forward in this design.
Middle-sized perch phaeton
 |
| Middle-sized perch phaeton from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
 |
| Crane-neck middle-sized phaeton from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
Poney or one-horse phaeton (perch)
 |
| Poney or one-horse phaeton from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
A pair of ponies from twelve to thirteen hands high are about equal for draught with a horse of fifteen, and a phaeton of the same weight is equally adapted for either. He continued: Poney phaetons are pretty equipages, and are best adapted for parks only; for, by being so low, the passengers are much annoyed by the dust, if used on the turnpike roads; and one-horse phaetons, where one horse only is kept, are much to be preferred to any two-wheeled carriage for safety and ease, but are heavier in draught; to allow for that, it ought to be built as light as possible to be safe with.7
In Pride and Prejudice, Miss de Bourgh drives a low phaeton driven by a pair of ponies:
Miss de Bourgh … is perfectly amiable, and often condescends to drive by my humble abode in her little phaeton and ponies.8
Mrs Gardiner later suggests to Elizabeth that this is her preferred way of travelling around Pemberley:
A low phaeton, with a nice little pair of ponies, would be the very thing.9
Light one-horse or poney Berlin phaeton (crane-neck)
 |
| Light one-horse or poney Berlin phaeton from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
For a safe, light , simple, and cheap, four-wheeled phaeton, the Berlin is recommended in preference to any: it is a crane-neck carriage, with the body fixed thereon, at such a distance between the bearings as to be perfectly safe.10
 |
| George IV driving his low phaeton in Windsor Park from Memoirs of George IV by R Huish (1830) |
In his book, Carriages and Coaches, Straus wrote that a sociable was ‘merely a phaeton with a double or treble body.’11
Felton wrote that the sociable was so-called
… from the number of persons it is meant to carry at one time. They are intended for the pleasure of gentlemen to use in parks, or on little excursions with their families: they are also peculiarly convenient for the conveying of servants from one residence to another.12
 |
| Sociable from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
According to Felton, a two-wheeled carriage designed to be drawn by two
horses abreast was called a curricle; if designed for one horse, it was
called a chaise.
Straus referred to gigs, curricles and chaises in a slightly different way:
As a general rule it may be taken that when a gig had two horses it was called a curricle, and when there was only one, a chaise.13
 |
| Sir Gregory Gig from print by Bunbury (1782) from Carriages and Coaches by R Straus (1912) |
For lightness and simplicity two-wheeled carriages are preferable, but are less to be depended on for safety; the smallness of their price, and the difference of expence in the imposed duty, are the principal reasons for their being so generally used. They are not so pleasant to ride in as phaetons, as the motion of the carriage frequently gives uneasiness to the passengers. Not having the advantage of the fore wheels, they are neither so safe in their bearings, nor so easy to turn about with, and are therefore inconvenient where the turnings are narrow.14
Curricles
A curricle was a light, owner-driven carriage with two wheels designed
to be drawn by two horses abreast. There was room only for the driver
and a single passenger, and the most fashionable curricles were pulled
by a carefully matched pair of horses.
Felton wrote:
Curricles were ancient carriages, but are lately revived with considerable improvements; and none are so much regarded for fashion as these are by those who are partial to drive their own horses; they are certainly a superior kind of two-wheeled carriage, and from their novelty, and being generally used by persons of eminence, are, on that account, preferred as a more genteel kind of carriage than phaetons; though not possessing any advantage to be compared with them, except in lightness, wherein they excel every other, having so great a power to so small a draught. They are built much stronger and heavier than what is necessary for one-horse chaises, and the larger they are the better they look, if not to an extreme.15
 |
| The curricle from The story of the London parks by J Larwood (1874) |
 |
| Fixed or proper curricle from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
The proprietors of this sort of carriage are in general persons of high repute for fashion, and who are, continually, of themselves, inventing some improvements, the variety of which would be too tedious to relate.16
In Hannah More’s Coelebs in Search of a Wife, the hero, Charles, invites Celia to ride in his new curricle. She impulsively invites her sister to join them:
I am sure the curricle will hold us all nicely; for I am very little, and Lucilla is not very big.17
Catherine Morland is invited to ride in Henry Tilney’s curricle on the way to Northanger Abbey:
In the course of a few minutes, she found herself with Henry in the curricle, as happy a being as ever existed. A very short trial convinced her that a curricle was the prettiest equipage in the world; the chaise and four wheeled off with some grandeur, to be sure, but it was a heavy and troublesome business, and she could not easily forget its having stopped two hours at Petty France. Half the time would have been enough for the curricle, and so nimbly were the light horses disposed to move, that, had not the general chosen to have his own carriage lead the way, they could have passed it with ease in half a minute.18
 |
| Catherine rides in Mr Tilney's curricle from Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen in The novels and letters of Jane Austen ed RB Johnson (1906) |
In Pride and Prejudice, Mr Darcy drives his sister to meet Elizabeth Bennet in his curricle:
They had been walking about the place with some of their new friends, and were just returning to the inn to dress themselves for dining with the same family, when the sound of a carriage drew them to a window, and they saw a gentleman and a lady in a curricle driving up the street. Elizabeth immediately recognizing the livery, guessed what it meant, and imparted no small degree of her surprise to her relations by acquainting them with the honour which she expected.19
In Sense and Sensibility, the dashing Mr Willoughby drives a curricle:
On their return from the park they found Willoughby's curricle and servant in waiting at the cottage, and Mrs Dashwood was convinced that her conjecture had been just.20
In Mansfield Park, the rich and would-be fashionable Mr Rushworth owns a curricle:
How would Mr. Crawford like, in what manner would he choose, to take a survey of the grounds? Mr. Rushworth mentioned his curricle. Mr. Crawford suggested the greater desirableness of some carriage which might convey more than two.21
In Persuasion, both Charles Musgrove and Mr Elliot own curricles:
They had nearly done breakfast, when the sound of a carriage, (almost the first they had heard since entering Lyme) drew half the party to the window. It was a gentleman's carriage, a curricle, but only coming round from the stable-yard to the front door; somebody must be going away. It was driven by a servant in mourning.The word curricle made Charles Musgrove jump up that he might compare it with his own; the servant in mourning roused Anne's curiosity, and the whole six were collected to look, by the time the owner of the curricle was to be seen issuing from the door amidst the bows and civilities of the household, and taking his seat, to drive off.22
A changeable curricle, or curricle gig
This was a curricle that was designed so it could be used, if necessity
required it, by a single horse. This could prove useful when travelling
when a horse went lame.
 |
| Changeable curricle or curricle gig from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
 |
| A hooded gig in the National Trust Carriage Museum at Arlington Court |
Felton wrote:
Gigs are one-horse chaises, of various patterns, devised according to the fancy of the occupier; but, more generally, means those that hang by braces from the springs; the mode of hanging is what principally constitutes the name of Gig, which is only a one-horse chaise of the most fashionable make; curricles being now the most fashionable sort of two-wheeled carriages, it is usual, in building a Gig, to imitate them, particularly in the mode of hanging.23
 |
| Chair back gig from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
They were prevented crossing by the approach of a gig, driven along on bad pavement by a most knowing-looking coachman with all the vehemence that could most fitly endanger the lives of himself, his companion, and his horse.“Oh, these odious gigs!” said Isabella, looking up. “How I detest them.” But this detestation, though so just, was of short duration, for she looked again and exclaimed, “Delightful! Mr. Morland and my brother!”“Good heaven! 'Tis James!” was uttered at the same moment by Catherine; and, on catching the young men's eyes, the horse was immediately checked with a violence which almost threw him on his haunches, and the servant having now scampered up, the gentlemen jumped out, and the equipage was delivered to his care.24
Mr Thorpe boasts about his gig to Catherine:
What do you think of my gig, Miss Morland? A neat one, is not it? Well hung; town-built; I have not had it a month. It was built for a Christchurch man, a friend of mine, a very good sort of fellow; he ran it a few weeks, till, I believe, it was convenient to have done with it. I happened just then to be looking out for some light thing of the kind, though I had pretty well determined on a curricle too. He continued: Curricle-hung, you see; seat, trunk, sword-case, splashing-board, lamps, silver moulding, all you see complete; the iron-work as good as new, or better.25
In Pride and Prejudice, Mr Collins has a gig:
While Sir William was with them, Mr. Collins devoted his morning to driving him out in his gig, and showing him the country.26
In Persuasion, Admiral Croft has a gig:
This long meadow bordered a lane, which their footpath, at the end of it was to cross, and when the party had all reached the gate of exit, the carriage advancing in the same direction, which had been some time heard, was just coming up, and proved to be Admiral Croft's gig. He and his wife had taken their intended drive, and were returning home. Upon hearing how long a walk the young people had engaged in, they kindly offered a seat to any lady who might be particularly tired; it would save her a full mile, and they were going through Uppercross. The invitation was general, and generally declined. The Miss Musgroves were not at all tired, and Mary was either offended, by not being asked before any of the others, or what Louisa called the Elliot pride could not endure to make a third in a one-horse chaise.27
Gig curricle
In the same way that a curricle gig was designed for two horses and
occasionally used with one, so a gig curricle was designed for one horse
and occasionally used with two.
Chair
 |
| Gig curricle from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
In his glossary, Felton described a chair as:
A light chaise without pannels, for the use of parks, gardens, &c a name commonly applied to all light chaises.28
 |
| Rib chair or Yarmouth cart from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
In a letter from Southampton dated 7 January 1807, Jane wrote:
We expected James yesterday, but he did not come; if he comes at all now, his visit will be a very short one, as he must return to-morrow, that Ajax and the chair may be sent to Winchester on Saturday.29
In a letter from Godmersham Park dated 3 November 1813, Jane wrote:
I had but just time to enjoy your letter yesterday before Edward and I set off in the chair for Canty., and I allowed him to hear the chief of it as we went along.30
In Jane Austen’s unfinished novel, The Watsons, Emma Watson is waiting for her father’s chair to fetch her after a ball:
Emma was at once astonished by finding it two o'clock, and considering that she had heard nothing of her father's chair. After this discovery, she had walked twice to the window to examine the street, and was on the point of asking leave to ring the bell and make inquiries, when the light sound of a carriage driving up to the door set her heart at ease. She stepped again to the window, but instead of the convenient though very un-smart family equipage, perceived a neat curricle.31
Whiskey
 |
| Half-pannel whiskey from A Treatise on carriages by W Felton (1796) |
A lighter sort of a one-horse chaise than usual.32
Felton explained:
Whiskies are one-horse chaises of the lightest construction, with which the horses may travel with ease and expedition, and quickly pass other carriages on the road, for which they are called Whiskies.33
It would seem from the definitions of a whiskey and a chair that there
was some overlap which is why the names are sometimes used
interchangeably.
buggies,
barrett-jackson.com
en.wikipedia.org
| HORSE AND BUGGY |
tilburys,
 |
| tilburys, |
sociables, landaulets
A landaulet or landaulette carriage is a cut-down (coupé) version of a landau horse-drawn carriage. The landaulette retains the rear half of the landau's two-part folding top.[1]
The earliest use of the word shown in the Oxford English Dictionary is in a patent of 1771, using the former spelling landawlet.[2]
A variant of the brougham called a brougham-landaulette had a top collapsible from the rear doors backward.
The name landaulette was also used for the landaulet car body style, where the passengers are covered by a removable top and the chauffeur is usually covered and separated from passengers by a division.
1816 Carriage
Landaulet carriage
Landaulet carriage
.jpg)
, britzskas
s
and clarences.
The last man who used the word " clarence " in Bombay must have been Norman Macleod, who asked his host — it was after tiffin — if his " clarence " was ready. This was, no doubt, a Glasgow archaism or slip of the tongue and relic of William IV.'s days.
The rise, progress and extinction of hack buggies
would need a history by itself They were fearful instruments of torture, and for more than one generation at least
would need a history by itself They were fearful instruments of torture, and for more than one generation at least
the drivers had the credit of being thieves and pick-pockets. As you sat next the driver, and were jolted against him, there cannot be a doubt that he disseminated dirt, disease and vermin.
- Victorias
.jpg)
- Panel-boot victorias
Victoria in the Palace of Cortés, Cuernavaca, Mexico
1860 panel-boot victoria by John Kingbury, Albany, New York
A "panel-boot" Victoria, with a drop-down front bench (Ellwood House, DeKalb, Illinois)
we are indebted in a great measure to Sir Frank Souter and Mr. Weber
. Mr. Vincent, then the head of our police, took a most distinguished part in this crusade against the detestable buggy, which ceased to exist about 1881.
Several attempts vyere made by Mr. Weber to introduce the hansom,
which were unsuccessful, and this vehicle, we think, does not now exist in Bombay.
which were unsuccessful, and this vehicle, we think, does not now exist in Bombay.
The tramway,
History Of Tram Service In Mumbai ...
which has been such an inestimable blessing to us all, began about 1874
memumbai.com
Horse drawn tram of the Beaumaris Tramway Company.
which has been such an inestimable blessing to us all, began about 1874
1875-BOMBAY-MODES OF TRAVEL[1] HACKERRY CARRIAGE[2] ELEPHANTS
"A
Hackney Coach, 1842," from 'London in the Nineteenth Century' by Sir
Walter Besant. The word 'hackney' went from describing a type of horse
to describing the vehicle the horse pulled; from there, 'hack' became a
term for a person who works for hire.
same photo with 3 names recently put !!!
Glimpses of old Bombay and western India, with other papers (1900) |
William Johnson and William Henderson. Knifegrinders, Bombay, ca. 1856.
![Bonhams : JOHNSON (WILLIAM J.) AND WILLIAM HENDERSON] Indian Amateur's Photographic Album, nos. 1-31 (no. 5 being an 'Appendix', see below) bound in 3 vol., FIRST EDITION, [Bombay, William Henderson, November 1856-May 1859]](data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxIQEhUQEhIVFRUWFRUVFRUXFxcVFxUVFRUXFhUVGBUYHSggGBolHRUWITEhJSkrLi4uFx8zODMtNygtLisBCgoKDg0OGxAQGi0lHSUtLS0tLS0tLSstLSstLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLSstLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLS0tLf/AABEIALgBEgMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAACAwEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQMEBQYCCAf/xABDEAABAwIDBQUECAQFAwUAAAABAAIRAyEEEjEFQVFhkRMicYGxBqHB8BUjMkJictHhFDNSsiQ0ksLxc6KzFlNjdIL/xAAZAQADAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAX/xAAgEQEAAgICAwEBAQAAAAAAAAAAARECMQMSEyFBMmFR/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwD9XwGIdUpsfbvNa7qJVmSoMDTy02tG5oA8rKwFzRM/W2VX6ElMEoTTtIui/FNCA8weJ936Iy8yvSSLBRzKceKEJGacJJoIQnCSaYEJZU0JAsvilk5nqvSEB47PmeqCzmepXuUkG85OZ6oy8yvSEWRBvMpxzKE0wPNLzTSRYF+Poi/H0QhFiik8USUIRYosxTzFJCLFAuPJRve7dE7vFSFRu1HiPVK5OoSfW8GdXfomp0LpZM/C/ZHn6lThQYb7I8/UqYLnnbQ00kSgGlCEBIzQqu0mZqZEkXbca2cCVRYQFnln1mlRjcNdGYcQsh2IbGqrTJlT5VeN0OccR1R2reI6hYgA4r0wc0/KXRtCo3iOoR2jeI6hZLYTgJ+QujWzjiOqWccR1Wa0AL0Cn3Lq0M44jqjOOI6hZriCvBDdYSnkPo1sw4hAKxy1vALyGDgOgU+X+H0bSAsYMHAI7IckeX+Dp/W0iFjhsL208lUcpdGrCIWX2gUboPBHkHRsJLEq0hBsFtARZVjl2LLGghCFSSQhCDIrwdR4j1XtRk3HiPVAXE0sw4hC6WSjQ08z6lSqGjp5n1UoWE7aRo00kBIGhC8l25IIdovDabnHdHqFi1sS0DNuG8/N1p7d/wAvU/L8QuJZANPnf/uIXNzbdHFFw0fpCbx7/wBkztEgxl96lZSu0gafoVjYyrFR0j7zv7iso9tPTW+kTwapGbQd+H581gduOK9nEjirjGSmIb30k78Pv/Vem7SP4VzwxHNbmG2W1zA4vIJE7oE6ePVMppaZjyeFteST8c7iPCEsPs4tZUAcCXgZSRERJvrxUdLZbjc1APAF36KolPpKcS/cfcFOX5BLjc6DmlRw+UiTmO4aCeKWLwJccwfe1iLeEjRRI9PTq2VrHnQ6+d59xUOMrFkd4wdDrP7qTFUS6iWtElsW4wIJ98rNwGIztNF8x910aHx4hKjhP/Gn+or03G/icsbE56bsr9bxzG4+BXhlcgZoMTExaeEpxipv/wAcOJTpYrMYzFYQrze6tbPJNQA635JlTYJdxPkvRY4kiTaJXtjbieI9VMGd93l8UVabVuzf8ldCVkuC1SteL6z5JsJFCFszJCEikYKp7TdDCfD+4K2VR2ufq3eA9Qg4e8yE4Qulimpb/Er2oqR18SpFz5baRp6TXlCRmgJJhAU9tfyKn5SuLotl9Ecvi4rtNs/yKn5CuPwNOatHwd/uXNzfp0cX5lv02WHj8FyO13EVD4n+5y7VjVxPtC363y/VThHs4ln57qUOm68DBuDc/G/lxUb614HFbEn7VdjhqvcAA+6J6D9Vw7iF2rKwFNpsJa3yFjrxUZhbp1iTcaC+/wCdPepaTsrQeQVF7+869g0E8hf3rw3Eb/BoGtra9PeoKl8jdoTN+C9h8Xkaj1/5VR2JHLh0leX4gaW3+5ApbL4pVHDUNLvMNn4Lzha8022mQLciB+qeBZGdpvPEWv66+5V2YgQ2e7O4braJkt0sQWHsyb6tneN/nC9HFnhy3H54qk7ENIcJiBIPi3UdV5wtYuBnVpM694XGZs9fNAppDEnevTa8gGeCzajtd/LyU2GjKDMyRx/RFil914lA+0fL4pU4IUgFz5KkktBUoVwrXBGQSQhaJCSRSSMFUNsuik8zENmddFfWV7RujD1TwpuNr6BKTheQguQupi9Ut/j8ApFHT3+PwCkXPltpGgmkmkZhCQTQFLbn+Xq/kK5TZTPrKf5T6FdbtcfU1PylcvhKjmPaQGTlOpyjyJXPzfqG/H+ZdAwhcP7R1CKogGQAbeRXaYXvAOiCdYMjXiuc29R+yWgOsQ6wkCIzTym3gpj1Jw52tiy4RcePoqTnX8T7/BWuwkwCABJ8YvEqya0D+WN8Q0ACSNSBYa2V2pUwOFfXd2dMSddYAFpJPC666nQqNbTpFpJGVriJyiBBMxGUJ+z7GtpGq1jWki0feyj3Xm3JaZxbXtbqJ1EiYgmDBtopmbTMsnG1w36locQBLnwYJH4jaeXJUa2LdBs8wbWJkWOoFjrK3KTgXNbFmiT+Z1x8eqnJF7xdx3R5qRbmxjZhok94SAJPP4q2ysXOgRdogZmkkOJvE8lqvq1GgCnBmI5SJ1GoU1MATJAuJPQSmLGCrS/LBBLSbgjQjiucxeIDHua631h1BBgEgGd+666RmzqVOoKrJaSIgHuOk6xxub8yvdR3fcD8yAmmJczTxLCXZe9DDEad4OtA4QrbcaAWuY688dZ/f1Kq4baILnd4UzmPd+zcGwtqVsCrmaZ4OBOsOEg2J36oU89q1w7RukgOH9B0Pz+yr0dowQDGWG33yBqh1Z2sZi0ZXtgQ9okRHGOPGPCjhMK2q/KHySTlgbr3IjdaUUHW4Z0jorDd6pYOl2bQy5iASd5HLcrbDr5KoZy9q4VSVwrTBGQlIoSWiQkmkkYWT7S/5atH/tv5/dO5aqzfaD/L1f8Apu9EHC4CkihdrT+EeiS6WKSnq7x+AUiiZq7x+AUkrny21jRppJpAwgICYQFTa38mp+Q+i5FomJA04aeC7Daf8mp+Q+i4+oY0O4RqsOXbbi0tuqANaZFm2mwDpsY43F1hYJzy6z452JO+wJA479yu4gdo+kwg5TlH+o5bdV0L9lUSwUw3KAQ4ZbGRz1M6KIXM04WtUc2o+CAQ7VoAB5xcXsq1Gple1ztMzc0guBFtW2nQ7/NXtrUv4evUoiSDBaTEwb39J5KjULgc0FzgPq2kEuEH7ZGoA571pEC36DgNnsdRaCHNBEhs5SATIBjQrxiNnPY1zw7NlaYbxEetlp0mw1omYAE8YESvOJqBrHOOga4ndYAk33JVDK5c7gcUIF7nvO//AER8+Sl2ce0flnXNO+ANViez+Ka+sxjrA5rEjcJDSV1eEFIVXBjQ0hsOjx4Dj/tU0uZXaWFY0QBr8+Szcawy6mLyLcb6W+dFerYxjTlL2h0SGkgE+A3qps+m81qj3iADDdYM6EHk2PMppj/XjBYCo1hc+A6QcoMiG7zunwV92GDnZibECI1m/wAIRtHEilSe87hbxNgOpCeGdmax0/d4cYv69UUVyyf/AE6RWdUDwGG8XBLvxRYjW/M2SxTgwObpGab77n58VqYHaDK85Puug7uN+oI8lx229oAvqiL53AG25xF58NU6tUTP1cxmLDXgjeCDccbH3/MLe2BRaKfaADM8kkxzj35QfOVxDcQaj2taMxgjQCJ0vNtdV21aoaFAC2YMDRH9QEE8wDfRFUMv8aFa4B3gjpN0qe/yWRszaxewiAXiMx0BabZvniFp0n680rKk5V1ZxqBaJWvGzyJJNJaJJJNJIws/bbM1Go3SWOHUK+s32hH+Hrf9J/8AaUpOFnA/y2fkb/aELxsx0UaQdqKbJjjlEoXUxTs1d4j0Uijb9p3l6KQLny21jRhNAQkDCYSQgIdoCaTxr3Hei457HBslpF4FiPJdninQxxP9J9FhMrB1/mFz824bcU+mO3CVM1Nxhoa5riXHWHA6buC6drpG4kaqmQHDVWaRka3FjHGAdDuWeJ5TbmfbPZ5kYoaMaA8feOUy0jqZO4BTeyYFJrn1RkrVDYOIzOY1sgMG++a2thbRT+0mNinUYWEhrA4mLESASDwuAfNe6VPNQDS2JaBHDNAB94KvsPi+dqNd3aRbUqbqeYNJ466J4faINM1KgFMAwc1hItadb2ValgabHy0Q4h2Z2jnSQbu15qVtVjnOMhxbb+oiB7t6VlSrS2BhKtQ18oMw7I0lrZP3i0GxMct8rYp4RjRAaAJkgDU8TxVGkAXNLZzWEtjQwXTO751hSPxY+zTIcZLSZBDY+1MGZ+JVWUwMdh6NT7bAY3zlI1tI0GqbdqsmO9oL5baA242Kp4lpeWNcJAN5Ml2UWJsBqJUODYGvcDve6PAMZH+7qlZ0u7VLK9FzS10WN5boRfVTbEfNFmugF+ShxJGUtMQY13giCFNstrWgsZoCPeJ+KdlOlprWsfIAGf7RAAlw0JjUxN+S4rDbKp16/Zvc/KXPeRmgEkkwBltIEa7l0vtLRDqDiSRlyuBGtjf3ErkMDtLs67XvFmm8XIEO6x8FUWIj072hhKNIDJTYz8rQDOkk6k31WD7XVA7JDz3ZztG4O+ySCOIK1dobRbSpGudwa6OIcRx8Vn7DqDFmpWqUxDmtAaRbKZiRJBP6pCPXtT9ncIGk1i+QJbYWE8TPuXQdpKs0KLWDKxoaL2AgX1sqlbDEPJaO6b7rFTMSd3L2XSthYgk+/npwW2Vpw/UZkkU0lszJBTKRCRvJWftxs0Ko0mm/+0rQKzdvkDD1idOyfOmmU8UpOFTZ2J+qp7vq2W1jujehY+Dru7Nlj9hu48ByQupi6+bu8lKCovvHyUgK58ttY09ShJegkAhCSAg2kfqan5HehXM4d/pPhr+i6fGfy3/lPosJtVrSGgjQk9bnqVzc8e4bcWnjD1Ps87eO5DarKb7kjNDd5Id92QN9yPFT4XE0yyQW5ZO8bid/iCqG1nty/evJkEkCTrJ0PISs4XuWxVDarCx1w9pa4fmEEeqyGYxga1s2aWibjQgT5wr+w9pDE0hU0cCWvHB7bHrYjkQuV27iBQrVKRmMzajfB0O8hmzDwC0pMOjp4nM8htzlERzLp9AsvZ1WpmdTbDiztMwbJIju2HjzO9W/Z1/dfXDZzFjBeJy3P93u5LTwmFpUS97GQ57pebkk69Lk+aKEyxH7Qc0DK7KTAPG5g+4k+QV/B1A0QPJZPtI4U6zhxyv53N/eCtzCYSnTh03mJJi++Bu87omKNFiMQMzQbXOvhzVdlcdw8akT+bO0egVytgo/EwkmDGZhcDIG/U+UmVhbRLcN3Hv0NNzeOXM85so1uURBDbFeHuAcbEd3iMoMifm61fZSu5zTmaWmBYiHEXgkHlHlG5VtmV6eLrNHZCGgVc5aAXxZkTeJn/SQujxDe8x3i0+BE/D3p16KZ+MnH4z+JZVotpvAALX1H5WtEG4BklxtuBCqN9mmvaAXgtju5YvYA96J5X4KtidpOpMfSNialQAmDmiq7Md0AgC2t1nYfEh5a0CXTbU3mx6lM4hruYa1Q4fEBzqQacrwbki2Ymn3Z5EdVuYPZzKdIsokhriDJJdawIB10B6qqzYFIsGUvY4jvFriJJubGyg2DjDnbSmoRD5zEOyubqJiePvQmf46EKOu+ATyUmVUsWAHBwkOIgkEiQNAeOp6onRRtn/xll1S5rE4fOCDYneukCvi+jk+GkmlK1ZEUk0igPJWbt6OwqyJHZvkRM2NoC0isv2ie0YesXGGim8kncA0yVMqhwzHvAAz6AD7nwskqbaUgHvHnlbdNdPVn3fqDCS508vRShQ0/tO8vRTBYZbXGnoJgpJpA0kIQFfaX8qp+V3ouU2VRDzWNrRSbN4AaCbeLvcup2s6KNQ8GOPuXEbI2gQYBgPqkmd8/ZHuXPzbb8f5UMNiSyg52UkxUmxscx3x8yrRbVqgMNCo78V2QeRdaDafCyu9tGFIEd7t/V5HwXSMiPJQuZcnsfB1sI9znS1r3gkDvUw0A/aMWNwJEaLax2Dp4iKhNPOwENOXOIJBgh32h5bzGq0a0FpBEgiIXPkZSRv58OKJy9pq267DtcwMc4WuMn1cRcQ0HTroozQrSAyq3JzbLh0N+o1WbTqXvPj5/upG4qHAjTeONtfFHYdZG08G9zmveWO7MtMhpBBBBA3ktPePiAvFDa4JmJa6JUlarUfm7MRm7pdp3b8d9xdZR2a9p0cPASD0TuDiHSuxTcsyI1Enl+657amzqmMfnbEdkGiZiZLpHdmJ3xv8V4qYWo6BDiBoIIHPVdO3HicsGBwBIEeGiImiqtMr2b2e9rmve3L2dLs9xzEOfpGohwvxW7XNgeY99vivPbgiZUb390iZ3ibHWRonOSfrm/aDYFSq51Sm8kE5uzJ7oMQSOE/FZOxcNXpV2k0ScpgzYDMCAc2nPyXdNdIUdenNwYPEQT796O8msVahaDlvyOi5RjqlGsL3c4HMd7jGeRwkmR4ro/4kG183AgwfOFm7Up9o0WuDJI00IPMJdjiGr9K0wJLhmiS0EEiIBHUqnU2kXGYEcP3WCKDmyMrjG8Ake5TMc/8Aod/pKJmzjCIalTHEgAnjNo8PFdWFw7cI94k90c9fIfqu2abDwWnD9Z8teqe15IRKa3YlKRQkUAisT2vH+CxP/wBet/43LaKx/asf4TEj/wCCt/43KZXjuH4MKjhbM7qULzJQtKdnaX0VT+07y9FMFBS+07xHoFOFM7cJppJpAIQhAU9tD/D1bT9W63Gy5Gjh2uDbCAwDSwN5gea7itSDwWu0III0kEQRZUDsanxePAi3hZY8uGWU+mvHnER7YtLZ9MGzQBEERY6QSNx16rQYADIjrG+QPefklXG7IYPvP6j9FJ9Gs4u6/sojiyVOcKYcDv8AivL8sS6I5gK/9Gs0l3X9k/o5nF3Ufojx5J7wyzhKX9Lb3+YXtmHpi4aPVaf0ezSXdf2S+jW/1P6j9E/FkO8KjQAk5wHBXvo9nF3X9kHZzOfUfojx5DvDPdVDbE7rcTG9eH1oBMn9PmVfdsth3u6/smNms0l3X9kvHkffFnUqua4NuY/45r3lH3t2/d5BXfo1n4uqZ2czSXdf2R4sh3hm0akjdKlEDQQrlPZbBcZuv7L2cAzn1RHFkJzhQL1HlZN2ieMLTOz2c+qX0czn1T8WRd4Z7iF4Llp/RzOfVI7Mp8D1R4sh3hmOrQFvMMgHkFSrbJpPGVwMeJV5ogQNy148Jx2jPKJ0JRKSFoh6JSKSEAisr2iE4auONGqP+xy1Cs/bQmjVHGm/+0qctLx2+fRKFIhaO59DNEOd4j0CkC8uFyvQKnLbz409BMpBASN6QkmgjQkE0AJoQgBNJNANNCEyCEJIAQhCAEIQgEhNJACCmkgFmCMy9JFALMiUIQACgoQgEhCSACVT2g2WOHFrh1BVolQYgW6qctKxfPlNxIB5BC8gxbhbohaO59E1dfJIOQhTn+nDjp6Dk86EKQMyMyEIsDOmHhNCDo84RnCEIsqGcJ5whCBR9oE86SEWKGdGdJCLFHnCO0CSEWKPtAjtAkhFij7QJdohCBR50i9CECh2iXaIQixRdolnQhK5FDtEZ0IRcnRZ0jUQhFyKeHP8F4qOQhTaqfPmObFR44PcOjikhC3h2xD/2Q==)
![Bonhams : JOHNSON (WILLIAM J.) AND WILLIAM HENDERSON] Indian Amateur's Photographic Album, nos. 1-31 (no. 5 being an 'Appendix', see below) bound in 3 vol., FIRST EDITION, [Bombay, William Henderson, November 1856-May 1859]](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
![Bonhams : JOHNSON (WILLIAM J.) AND WILLIAM HENDERSON] Indian Amateur's Photographic Album, nos. 1-31 (no. 5 being an 'Appendix', see below) bound in 3 vol., FIRST EDITION, [Bombay, William Henderson, November 1856-May 1859]](data:image/jpeg;base64,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)
1875--The arrival of a railway locomotive in India, 1875.
commons.wikimedia.org
Indian Tramway constructed by His Highness the Guicowar of Baroda," from the Illustrated London News, 1863*
Antique Print India Baroda Bullock Driven Tram & FDC
This 15 x 11 inches page is from the Illustrated London News (newspaper) of May 23, 1863. I also have the 1987 commemorative FDC (First Day Cover) issue in my collection of this Baroda Tramway scene, see images.
Maharaja Gaekwar, Gaekwad, or Guicowar, as the British called him, were dynastic rulers of Baroda. Better known as Gaekwad Royalty today. The princely state of Baroda was one of the wealthiest in the British India era. The Maharaja constructed a tramway or minor Railway for the people of his princely state.
The tramway was bullock-driven as there were no electric trams at the time. And horses were not used because of lesser pulling power than bullocks, I suppose. Read the interesting article titled “The First Indian Tramway. Made By A Prince.” See separate scan to read the entire article.
The top side picture in the newspaper page is about a Sultan’s return from Egypt. See my posts on- Vintage Postcard The Gaekwad’s Bungalow Bombay, and Vintage Postcard Bombay A Prince On Elephant.
Did you know- in 1908 the Maharaja Gaekwad was the sixth richest man in the world. The Time magazine had even stated about the Maharaja wealth.
From the collection- Vintage Photo Bombay Horse-Drawn Tram., Antique Print Ruins At Fatehpur Sikri., Vintage Photo Madras Mount Road Electric Tram., Raja Ravi Varma’s “Birth of Shakuntala” Oleograph of c1894
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| 1853-INDIA'S FIRST TRAIN-BOMBAY TO THANA |
On April 16th, at 3:35pm,1853 the first train in India leaves Bombay for Thane
1877-BOMBAY-STEAM ROAD ROLLER
1875-First train to leave Parel station in 2020 | Bombay, Mumbai, Vintage
Images may be subject to copyright. Learn More
Related
1870-BOMBAY- PAREL RAILWAY STATION -
SHOWING DEPARTURE OF DUKE OF EDINBURGH
DUKE OF EDINBURGH 1870
1865-SHIP 'BOMBAY' BURNING'BOMBAY'--1865 3RD VOYAGE TO NEW ZEALAND
'BOMBAY'= 900 TONS CAPT: SELLARS .FROM LONDON DEPARTED 26TH NOVEMBER 1864
TOTAL NO:OF PASSENGERS :- 390
TOTAL NO:OF PASSENGERS :- 390
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| CATHEDRAL ---BEFORE ARRIVAL OF ELECTRICITY-SHOWS HAND PULLED MAT FAN(PUNKAH) CAN BE SEEN AS THE WHITE CLOTH OVER THE PEWS |
BRITISH EMPIRE 1713 (BLUE)
Native Indian musicians from Bombay in 19th Century
![[Indian+Musicians.jpg]](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqqBgC8dtySp6VZWSsxU0rH4RrDUoXOfXfsyPNSdg3paPODZJlDcjU3cse1TfP7GMGEdefFyr7w2WdrG6Ys4EF3ILVIEzr0jhVy3Gs0xUjVv7k7ZFP1QFCdL_Y9FgQprezlBkGiQS7xvW8/s640/Indian+Musicians.jpg)
How Mumbai lost its animal instinct: The Times of India;Sunday, April 25, 2010,
Mumbai: In the winter of 1913, residents witnessed a jackal 
being chased by a pack of stray dogs from Charni Road Station to Marine Drive. In 1822, a tiger trotted down Malabar Hill, headed to Gowalia Tank to quench its thirst, and ran off up the hill again, its pug marks clearly visible the next morning. And on February 15, 1859, all hell broke loose when a panther was spotted prowling the lanes of Kalbadevi. It was hunted down and shot to death by the then Commissioner of Police as it fled towards the shores of Back Bay.
While old-timers who've grown up on such city lore smile wistfully and doff their hats to a Bombay that no longer is, it's hard to imagine the plush residential areas of Marine Drive and Malabar Hill sharing space with the likes of now endangered animals like tigers, Indian wild boar, jackals and striped hyenas. Mumbai has paid a high price for the tag of financial capital of India, say historians and experts who have documented the demise of wildlife in the city. The last tiger
is believed to have been shot in the vicinity of Vihar Lake on January 22, 1929, by a J J Sutari.
But it's not just the tiger that has been driven to extinction in Mumbai. Jackals and hyenas, too, have been systematically hunted down over the last century.
Anand Pendharkar, wildlife biologist and director of NGO SPROUTS, said: "There are a few rare jackal sightings mainly in mangrove areas near Lokhandwala Complex in Andheri, Malad, Charkop and Gorai. And the shy civet cat
and mongoose
occasionally make an appearance in areas like Vikhroli and Goregaon East, but their numbers have dropped drastically."
Striped hyenas
managed to survive the urban onslaught till as late as the 1990s. "We believe that the last two hyenas of Mumbai were shot dead near Film City in Goregaon in the '90s," said Sunjoy Monga, author and naturalist.
The leopard
has managed to survive Mumbai's economic boom. The much-maligned cat scratches out a living, its habitat restricted to the green patches at the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Aarey Milk Colony.
being chased by a pack of stray dogs from Charni Road Station to Marine Drive. In 1822, a tiger trotted down Malabar Hill, headed to Gowalia Tank to quench its thirst, and ran off up the hill again, its pug marks clearly visible the next morning. And on February 15, 1859, all hell broke loose when a panther was spotted prowling the lanes of Kalbadevi. It was hunted down and shot to death by the then Commissioner of Police as it fled towards the shores of Back Bay.
While old-timers who've grown up on such city lore smile wistfully and doff their hats to a Bombay that no longer is, it's hard to imagine the plush residential areas of Marine Drive and Malabar Hill sharing space with the likes of now endangered animals like tigers, Indian wild boar, jackals and striped hyenas. Mumbai has paid a high price for the tag of financial capital of India, say historians and experts who have documented the demise of wildlife in the city. The last tiger
is believed to have been shot in the vicinity of Vihar Lake on January 22, 1929, by a J J Sutari.
 |
| A Tiger hunt by English men |
But it's not just the tiger that has been driven to extinction in Mumbai. Jackals and hyenas, too, have been systematically hunted down over the last century.
Anand Pendharkar, wildlife biologist and director of NGO SPROUTS, said: "There are a few rare jackal sightings mainly in mangrove areas near Lokhandwala Complex in Andheri, Malad, Charkop and Gorai. And the shy civet cat
and mongoose
occasionally make an appearance in areas like Vikhroli and Goregaon East, but their numbers have dropped drastically."
Striped hyenas
managed to survive the urban onslaught till as late as the 1990s. "We believe that the last two hyenas of Mumbai were shot dead near Film City in Goregaon in the '90s," said Sunjoy Monga, author and naturalist.
The leopard
has managed to survive Mumbai's economic boom. The much-maligned cat scratches out a living, its habitat restricted to the green patches at the Sanjay Gandhi National Park and Aarey Milk Colony.
Mumbai’s best-kept secret
Mirror reporters discover 18th century tunnel from St George’s Hospital that has exits at Gateway, Churchgate and Blue Gate
Lata Mishra and Sudhir Suryawanshi
Posted On Friday, June 18, 2010 at 04:31:42 AM
This is possibly Mumbai’s best-kept secret and most certainly the shortest shortcut to reach the Gateway, Churchgate or the Blue Gate from St George’s Hospital on P D’mello Road.
Two Mumbai Mirror reporters on Thursday discovered an over 240-year-old tunnel tucked under the St George’s Hospital.
The 1.5 km tunnel, now full of muck and sea water, starts under Ward 5 of the hospital and has exits at the Gateway, the Blue Gate and Churchgate.
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1. PWD workers stand next to the trap door leading to the tunnel at St George’s Hospital at ward no 5
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With its lone entrance, covered by a wooden hatch now, plonked right in the middle of the Swine Flu ward, the tunnel for many years has been a source of great curiosity and many unfounded stories in the hospital.
The wooden hatch on Thursday was raised and a ladder lowered into the tunnel to let the two reporters explore its depths. But they found that they could not go beyond a few metres.
The tunnel’s three arms lay blocked with brick-and-mud walls. There was knee deep water in the tunnel and hospital staff said the level would rise as monsoon progresses.
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2. Mumbai Mirror reporter Sudhir Suryawanshi uses a ladder to get down to the 1.5-km long tunnel at the hospital
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Historians say since the Dutch, the French and the Portuguese posed a constant threat, the Britishers built a network of tunnels starting from St George’s Fort, present day’s St George’s Hospital.
These tunnels were used to ferry injured soldiers, arms and ammunitions and also as escape routes in event of an attack.
Urban historian Sharada Dwivedi said she had come across the St George’s Hospital tunnel during her research on Mumbai’s past. “There are many tunnels from the British period which run through the Fort area.
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St George’s Hospital tunnel, the exit points of which are Churchgate, Gateway and Blue Gate
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The tunnel has tiny skylights that also let some fresh air in, not enough though. The tunnel smells of rotten flesh, enough to make anybody sick in a matter of minutes.
Former superintendent of St George’s Hospital, Dr K N Varade, said he got the tunnel door opened once during his tenure.
“The wooden plank covering the tunnel’s opening was damaged. I got it fixed. We did not talk about the tunnel because we didn’t want the Archaeological Survey of India to step in and take over this part of the hospital,” he said.
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3. The 18th century tunnel below the ward has law arched ceilings with barely enough room for an adult to stand erect
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4. One of the exits of the tunnel which is now partially submerged under sea water and muck leads to St George’s Fort that next to Blue Gate
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5. The ventilators that let light and fresh air to the tunnel which was used for ferrying injured soldiers and ammunition
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THE TUNNEL SHOULD BE PROPERLY MAPPED OUT TO PREVENT:_
[1] FUTURE CAVE INS
[2]DANGER TO BUILDINGS OLD AND NEW AND ITS PILINGS
[3] TO PREVENT IT BEING USED BY DRUG ADDICTS,CRIMINALS,TERRORISTS,NAXALS ETC ETC
[4] DUE TO RISING TEMPERATURES AND RISING SEA LEVELS ;THESE TUNNELS WILL BE A DANGER WHEN SEA WATER RUSHES IN DUE TO HIGH TIDES
[4] DUE TO RISING TEMPERATURES AND RISING SEA LEVELS ;THESE TUNNELS WILL BE A DANGER WHEN SEA WATER RUSHES IN DUE TO HIGH TIDES
1854--ballooning as a sport in Bombay-(middle picture bottom row)
1887 Queen'S Jubilee Bombay
ROAD SIDE MONEY CHANGER --BOMBAY--1895
KARNALA FORT BOMBAY
Karnala fort(also called Funnel Hill[1]) is a hill fort in Raigad district about 10 km from Panvel city. Currently it is a protected place lying within the Karnala Bird Sanctuary
Its exact date of formation is not known but likely it predates 1400 CE as under the Devagiri Yadavs(1248- 1318) and under theTughlaq rulers(1318-1347), Karnala was the capital of the north Konkan districts of their respective empires. It later fell under the command of the Gujarat Sultanate but in 1540 was taken over by Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar. The Gujarat sultans then requested the help of the Dom Francisco de Menenzes the commanding officer of the Portuguese at Bassien(modern day Vasai) to win it back. He ordered 500 of his solidiers to Karnala fort and they were able to capture it. The fort was left in charge of the Gujarat Sultanate but with Portuguese garrisons.
The loss of Karnala enraged the Nizam Shah and he took back the fort and the surrounding countryside by sending 5,000 of his men. The Gujarat sultans fled to Vasai in panic and gave up any claims of the fort to the Portuguese. In the subsequent battle between the Nizam Shah and the Portuguese, the latter were victorious in repulsing further attacks of the Nizam Shahi army and the fort remained with the Portuguese. However the Portuguese Viceroy determined that the forts of Sangli and Karnala were of little value to them and decided to give them to the Nizam Shah for an annual payment of Rs. 17,500(or 5,000 gold pardoas) to further their friendship
Shivaji conquered it from the Portuguese in 1670 by building breastworks as he advanced After his death in 1680 it was taken over by Aurangzeb. After this the Mughals occupied it for some time after which it in 1740 with the rise of the Peshwas of Pune it went to them. It remained under the command of killedar(garrison commander) Anantrao until a colonel Prother won the fort and established the rule of the British East India Company there in 1818.
ENTRY GATE TO KARNALA FORT BOMBAY
KARNALA FORT WALLS
KARNALA FORT WALLS
FORT ARNALA -SEA FORT -NEAR VIRAR-BOMBAY
Arnala Fort is built on a small island of the port town of Arnala, located around 8 miles north of Vasai, Maharastra, India . Being an island fort, it is also called Jaldurg or Janjire-Arnala. The Portuguese, who owned this fort ,rebuilt and gave it the name Ilha das vacas.
HISTORY
In 1516, a local chieftain in Gujarat, Sultan Mahmud Begda originally constructed the fort on the island, strategically located at the mouth of the Vaitarna river. In the 1530s, the Portuguese had established their operations in the coastal area headquartered at Fort Bassein and soon gained control of the island. The Portuguese captain of Bassein donated the island to a Portuguese nobleman who tore down the old fort and began construction of 700x700 foot fort. Though fort was never completed by the nobleman, it remained under Portuguese control for 2 centuries, who used it to control shipping and navigation along the northern Konkan coast.
During the late 1600s and early 1700s, after a long struggle with the Mughal Empire, the Maratha Confederacy came to dominate present day Maharastra. In 1737 the then Peshwa Baji Rao I sent his brother, Chimaji Appa, to take the Bassein Fort from the Portuguese. After winning the Battle of Vasai, his general, Shankarji Pant, persuaded Chimaji to launch an assault on Fort Arnala, for its strategic importance to the Maratha navy in assaulting Portuguese interests. Their first assault, coordinated with a Maratha naval force commanded by Manaji Agre, was routed by a superior Portuguese naval force. A second assault on the fort on March 28, 1737, caught the Portuguese by surprise and forced them to abandon the fort. The victory was commemorated by a plaque installed on the northern wall of the fort and is still visible today. Marathas then rebuilt the fort, constructing three bastions Bahirav, Bhavani and Bava.
The Marathas controlled the fort until 1817 when, during the third British-Maratha war, despite successfully defending the fort, they were forced to surrender the fort to the British due to their superior naval power. The Arnala and Bassien forts were returned to the Marathas by the British in the treaty of Salabai, but the forts again changed hands under the treaty of Pune. Today the fort is in a state of disrepair
ARNALA ISLAND AND FORT NORTH BOMBAY
Aquatint published by R. Cribb in 1803 and part of King George III's Topographical Collection, with a view from above of the seven islands which initially made up the settlement of Bombay (now Mumbai), together with Salsette Island. The islands, located in the Arabian sea on the west coast of India, originally contained small fishing villages of the Koli community. The Sultans of Gujarat ceded the site to the Portuguese in 1534 and they established a trading post. Bombay was passed to the English Crown in 1661 as part of the dowry when Charles II married Catherine of Braganza. At first the settlement appeared unfavourable, with low lying marshes, a hot climate and heavy monsoon rains, but its natural harbour and strategic location led the English to embark on a programme of developing it
ABOVE:-PARSI TOWER OF SILENCE
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PHOTO SHOWS
CHURCH GATE STREET OF BOMBAY FORT
[INSIDE VIEW] THE CHURCH GATE ALSO SEEN IN THE DISTANCE.
THE SECOND SHOP FROM CORNER IS 'BOMBAY TIMES1859: Bombay Standard and Chronicle of Western India merges into The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce to form Bombay Times & Standard --NOW KNOWN AS TIMES OF INDIA NEWSPAPER'[A PALANQUIN IS PARKED IN FRONT OF THE OFFICE ,ALSO A BRIDLED HORSE
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CliCK AND READ THIS BOOK:-http://www.archive.org/stream/
By gone days in India--0dewauoft#page/n11/mode/2up
BOMBAY AND THE HISTORY OF INDIAN FLAG:-
History Of National Flag
Evolution of the Tricolour
It is really amazing to see the various changes that our National Flag went through since its first inception. It was discovered or recognised during our national struggle for freedom. The evolution of the Indian National Flag sailed through many vicissitudes to arrive at what it is today. In one way it reflects the political developments in the nation. Some of the historical milestones in the evolution of our National Flag involve the following:
Unofficial flag of India in 1906
The first national flag in India is said to have been hoisted on
August 7, 1906, in the Parsee Bagan Square (Green Park) in Calcutta now
Kolkata. The flag was composed of three horizontal strips of red, yellow
and green.
The Berlin committee flag, first raised by Bhikaiji Cama in 1907
The second flag was hoisted in Paris by Madame Cama and her band of
exiled revolutionaries in 1907 (according to some inl9OS). This was very
similar to the first flag except that the top strip had only one lotus
but seven stars denoting the Saptarishi. This flag was also exhibited at
a socialist conference in Berlin.
The flag used during the Home Rule movement in 1917
The third flag went up in 1917 when our political struggle had taken a
definite turn. Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak hoisted it during the
Home rule movement. This flag had five red and four green horizontal
strips arranged alternately, with seven stars in the saptarishi
configuration super-imposed on them. In the left-hand top corner (the
pole end) was the Union Jack. There was also a white crescent and star
in one corner.
The flag unofficially adopted in 1921
During the session of the All India Congress Committee which met at
Bezwada in 1921 (now Vijayawada) an Andhra youth prepared a flag and
took it to Gandhiji. It was made up of two colours-red and
green-representing the two major communities i.e. Hindus and Muslims.
Gandhiji suggested the addition of a white strip to represent the
remaining communities of India and the spinning wheel to symbolise
progress of the Nation.
The flag adopted in 1931. This flag was also the battle ensign of the Indian National Army
The year 1931 was a landmark in the history of the flag. A resolution
was passed adopting a tricolor flag as our national flag. This flag, the
forbear of the present one, was saffron, white and green with Mahatma
Gandhi's spinning wheel at the center. It was, however, clearly stated
that it bore no communal significance and was to be interpreted thus.
The present Tricolour flag of India
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HISTORY OF INDIAN FLAG
===================================
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The flag that was first hoisted on August 7, 1906, at the Parsee Bagan Square in Calcutta. |
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Called the 'Saptarishi Flag', this was hoisted in Stuttgart at the International Socialist Congress held on August 22, 1907. |
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Associated with the names of Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak, this flag was hoisted at the Congress session in Calcutta during the 'Home Rule Movement'. |
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In the year 1921, a young man from Andhra presented this flag to Gandhiji for approval. It was only after Gandhiji's suggestion that the white strip and the charkha were added. |
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This flag was suggested during the All India Congress Committee session in 1931. However, the Committee's suggestion was not approved. |
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On August 6, 1931, the Indian National Congress formally adopted this flag, which was first hoisted on August 31. |
 | Indian National Flag, which was born on July 22, 1947, with Nehruji's words, "Now I present to you not only the Resolution, but the Flag itself". This flag was first hoisted at the Council House on August 15, 1947. |
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India’s flag is a tricolor standard, with bands of saffron, white, and dark green. The saffron represents courage, sacrifice, patriotism, and renunciation. It is also the color of the Hindu people. The green stands for faith, fertility and the land; it is the color of the Islam religion. The white is in the center, symbolizing the hope for unity and peace. In the center of the white band is a blue wheel with 24 spokes. This is the Ashoka Chakra (or “Wheel of Law”). The Chakra represents the continuing progress of the nation and the importance of justice in life. It also appears on the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka “
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| Madame Bhikaiji Cama (1861-1936) our radical firebrand, was exiled from India and Britain and lived in France. Bhikaiji was a tireless propagandist for Indian Independence |
Called the ‘Saptarishi Flag’, this was hoisted in Stuttgart at the International Socialist Congress held on August 22, 1907
slideserve.com
Associated with the names of Dr. Annie Besant and Lokmanya Tilak, this flag was hoisted at the Congress session in Calcutta during the ‘Home Rule Movement’.
1024 × 768SlideServe
In the year 1921, a young man from Andhra presented this flag to Gandhiji for approval. It was only after Gandhiji’s suggestion that the white strip and the charkha were added.
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The Calcutta Flag
The Calcutta flag was one of the first unofficial flags of India. It was designed by Sachindra Prasad Bose and Hemchandra Kanungo and unfurled on 7 August 1906 at Parsi Bagan Square (Grish Park), Calcutta.[1]
The flag had three horizontal bands of equal width with the top being orange, the centre yellow and the bottom green in colour. It had eight half-opened lotus flowers on the top stripe representing the eight provinces of India and a picture of the sun and a crescent moon on the bottom stripe. वन्दे मातरम् (Vande Mataram, meaning "I do homage to the mother") was inscribed in the center in Devanagari.
See also
The flag that was first hoisted on August 7, 1906, at the Parsee Bagan Square in Calcutta.
1913The Ghadar Party Flag
The Ghadar Party flag was also used in the United States as a symbol for India for a short period of time.In August 1913, Southasian farmworkers and students (primarily Punjabi migrants) gathered in Stockton, California, to form the Ghadar Party. They were angry at British imperialism, but also frustrated with the Indian National Congress. ‘Freedom will not come through supplication,’ their poets sang. ‘Political power will not come by appeal/ Don’t offer cowardly petitions/ Lift up the sword, they will not remain/ What have your petitions wrought?/ Brutal foreigners have plundered our homeland.’ The sentiment of complete independence thus came almost two decades before the Congress took it to heart. ‘Nation after nation are ready to rise up,’ the Ghadar Party’s newspaper proclaimed in July 1914. ‘Your voice has reached China, Japan, Manila, Sumatra, Fiji, Java, Singapore, Egypt, Paris, South Africa, South America, East Africa and Panama.’
IN 1917…..
The Home Rule Bal Ganga Dhar Tilak adopted a new flag in 1917. The flag had union jack at the top, near hoist. The rest of the flag contains five red and four green strips.
It had seven stars on it in the shape of “Saptarishi” Constellation which is sacred one for Hindus. It also had a crescent moon, star at the top fly end. This flag didn’t become popular in masses.
IN 1921…..As Mahatma Gandhi communities of India to be represented in the flag of the nation, so a new flag was designed. At the top was white then green and at the bottom was red color. In this flag white symbolized minority communities of India, green was for Muslims and the red one was for Hindu and Sikh communities. The “Charkha” was drawn across all the bands symbolizing the unification of these communities.
IN 1931……Some people were not at all happy with the communal interpretation of the flag. Keeping all this in a view a new flag was designed. This color signified combined spirit of Hindu yogis as well as Muslim dervish. In another flag by Pingali Venkayya had three color. Saffron was at the top Followed by white in the middle and green being the lowermost. The “Charkha” was at the center of white color. This flag was passed at the meeting of Congress Committee in 1931 and was adopted as the official flag of the Committee.
1942 1945[subhas chandra bose with Indian soldiers of 'Azad Hind'-IN SINGAPORE]
IN 1947…..
When India got independence, a committee headed by Rajinder Prasad was formed to discuss the National Flag of India and they decided to adopt the flag of Indian National Congress with suitable modifications as the flag of India. As a result the flag of 1931 was adopted as Indian flag but “Charkha” in the middle was replaced by “Chakra” (wheel) and hence our national Flag came into being.
The Indian National Flag came into being in its present form at the meeting of Constitutional Assembly on 22nd July 1947.
Pandit Nehru introduced the Indian National Flag in the Constituent Assembly on 22nd
July 1947, he said, “ … this flag that I have the honour to present you is not, I hope and trust, a flag of the dominion over anybody, but a flag of freedom not only for ourselves, but a symbol of freedom for all people who may see it. And wherever it may go – and I hope it will go far- not only where Indians dwell as our ambassadors and ministers but across the far seas where it may be carried by the Indian ships, wherever it may go, it will bring a message of comradeship, a message that India wants to be friend with every country of the world and India wants to help any people who seek freedom. That hope will be the message of this flag everywhere…”.
BRITISH AND EAST INDIA FLAG 1660 TO 1947
[Red Ensign was established as the proper colours for the British ships by a proclamation in 1674. The Merchant Shipping Act of 1894 brought up to date the law concerning the wearing of ensigns by British ships. Prior to this many ensigns of various designs were in use.]
New Purna Swaraj (Total Independence) Flag: 1931-1947
The new Purna Swaraj Flag immediately acquired irresistible power, it betokened fearlessness and faith amongst the Freedom fighters in their ultimate victory in gaining Independence in 1947.
The Patriotic cover shows the effigy of Mahatma Gandhiflanked by the new Tricolour flags and the legend ‘Vande Mataram’ in Tamil.The envelope is chopped with Japanese censored mark and was postally carried in Malaya then under Japanese occupation during World War II (Postage stamps were duly affixed at the back)
“Kumaran's Hand Holding the Flag” Postmark fromTirupur issued on August 15, 1997 commemorating the 50th. Anniversary. of Independence
Kodi Kaatha Kumaran (1904 - 1932)
Kumaran - The protector of the Flag, on January 10, 1932, Kodi Kaatha Kumaran, a brave young mill-hand of Tirupur, Madras (now Tamil Nadu) was leading a labour resistance procession holding the tricolour in his hand, when police attacked Kumaran brutally he exhibited an exemplary act of defiance against the British violence by holding the Tricolourup while raising the freedom cry ‘Vande Matarm’. Kumaran succumbed to his injuries next day.
Sanjiva Nijalingappa actively participated and courted arrest in the 'Flag Satyagraha' organised by the Mysore Congress in April 1938 at Shivapura near Maddur, Karnataka.
On August 8, 1942 Mahatma Gandhi gave the historic call “Quit India” in Bombay and raised the slogan “Do or Die” for the cause.
On August 9, following the arrest of most of the prominent leaders, Aruna Asaf Ali came forward and hoisted the National Flag at Gowalia Tank Maidan (Renamed, August Kranti Maidan) in Bombay (now Mumbai).
Matangini Hazra was an active participant of the Quit India Movement at the age of 73. On 29th. Sept, 1942 while she was leading a procession in Tamluk, Bengal and advanced with the Tricolour flag in her hands, a shower of bullets from the police felled her, but the flag was still flying in her hands unsullied.
The August Kranti at Ballia,under the leadership of Chittu Pandey was an inspiring chapter of the “Quit India” Movement
The bronze sculpture (by D. P. Roychoudhury) depicts theseven students who lost their lives while attempting to hoist the flag atop old Patna Secretariat building during Quit India Movement. The seven students, who's names are engraved on Martyrs’ Memorial, Patna.;* Umakant Prasad Sinha - Ram Mohan Roy Seminary, class IX * Ramanand Singh - Ram Mohan Roy Seminary, class IX * Satish Prasad Jha - Patna Collegiate School, class X * Jalpati Kumar - Bihar National College, 2nd year * Devipada Choudhry - Miller High English School, class IX * Rajendra Singh - Patna High English School, matric class * Ramgovind Singh - Punpun High English School, matric class.
1931-1947
Some more interesting items onSwaraj flag (1921-1931)(from the collection ofSri G. Biswas of Kolkata)
The Flag Committee -1931 headed by Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramyya after going through various suggestions as received from various sources came up with an entirely new design, allSaffron Flag charged with a brown Charkha at
the top left corner (canton) of the flag. The Flag design recommended by the Flag Committee failed to create any consensus amongst the Congress members in general and Muslims members in particular. The proposed flag was summarily rejected by the Congress Working Committee for the reason that the flag design interfered too much with the flag. As a result the all Saffron Flag never saw the light of day. 
HISTORY OF CURRENCY NOTES IN INDIA ; AND THE Bank of Bombay and later under R.B.I[RESERVE BANK OF INDIA]
BANK OF BOMBAY Banknotes, 1846-66 ISSUES
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 P.S100, J.1.1.1 10 Rupees 14.8.184x |
 Bombay Issue Back |
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 P.S100, J.1.1.1 10 Rupees 10.10.1856 |
Bombay Issue | |||
 Back of back PROOF RK Notation: "Patent Hardened Steel Plate" below text |
 P.S101P 15 Rupees PROOF back RK Printer: Perkins, Bacon & Petch, London |
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| P.S102 - P.S105 25 - 1,000 Rupees 1846-53 | Images Needed | |||
 P.S110 10 Rupees 1.11.1860 NS |
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| KING GEORGE 6TH OF ENGLAND ;THE EMPEROR OF INDIA |
Dr Kitchener's Curry Powder--1800's
| William Kitchiner | |
|---|---|
 Detail of a Portrait | |
| Born | 1775 England |
| Died | 1827 (aged 51–52) |
| Nationality | England |
| Known for | Cook's Oracle, creator of Wow-Wow sauce |
I was leafing through a paperback copy of the original 1861 edition of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (Oxford World's Classics) and came across her recipe for Indian Curry-Powder, founded on Dr Kitchener's Recipe. William Kitchiner (1775?-1827) was the author of the Apicus Redivivus, The Cook's Oracle, first published in 1817.
I'm quite fond of these historic Anglo-Indian curry powders; the sort of thing we chuck into stews and then have the nerve to call "curry". Here's my version of Dr Kitchener's curry powder, as described by Mrs Beeton. I've slightly adapted it for the modern kitchen and added cardamom and black pepper.
Add the following ingredients to a mixing bowl: two teaspoons of powdered turmeric, two teaspoons ofpowdered cinammon, two teaspoons of powdered ginger, two teaspoons of powdered fenugreek, a dash of cayenne pepper and a good grinding of black pepper. Mix them up so they form a powder.
In a pestle and mortar, grind up the following ingredients until they form a fine powder: two teaspoons of coriander seeds, two teaspoons ofmustard seeds, and a few cardamom pods. (You will have to discard the cardamom's outer shells). I love grinding up spices: all those lovely, aromatic smells. When you reckon the ingredients are ready, mix them in with the other spices.
Keep the finished curry powder in an air-tight container. It should keep reasonably well. Obviously, if you want to make more of the stuff, you will need to increase the quantities. Half the fun of this sort of thing is to play around with the proportions, to suit your own tastes. Secret recipes and all that.
Technorati Tags: anglo-indian, Asian, Brown sugar, chutney,Chutney, Cook, curry, Food processor, hobson jobson, Home,india, Indian, indian food, mango, Mango Chutney,
Konkan Coast Lighthouses South of Mumbai
- Sindhudurg District (Vengurla Area) Lighthouses
- This area is the heart of the very scenic Konkan Coast, backed by the mountains known as the Western Ghats. Many areas of this coast are rarely visited and lack tourist facilities, so information on these lighthouses is needed.
- *** Vengurla Point (3)
- 1968 (station established 1869). Active; focal plane 82 m (269 ft); red flash every 5 s.13 m (43 ft) hexagonal cylindrical masonry tower with lantern and gallery, attached to a 1-story keeper's house. Lighthouse painted with black and white horizontal bands; lantern dome painted red. Kedar Sule's photo is at right, Lisbon Rebello has a closeup photo, Ravindra Salunkhe has a 2018 photo, and Google has a satellite view. Located atop a seaside bluff at Vengurla. Accessible by road. Site open, tower open daily 4 to 5:30 pm. ARLHS IND-120; Admiralty F0600; NGA 27800.
- Vengurla Rocks (Burnt Islands) (1)
- 1870. Inactive since 1890. Approx. 10 m (33 ft) octagonal stone tower; lantern removed long ago. Tower attached to or rising from a stone keeper's cottage. Open fires were displayed from the lighthouse until the lantern and optical equipment arrived from England in 1876. The lighthouse was described as a white tower on a square building, with a focal plane height of 40 m (131 ft). A view from the sea (third photo on the page) is available and Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located on the westernmost reef of the Vengurla Rocks about 800 m (1/2 mi) west of the 1890 lighthouse. Accessible only by boat; it may be possible to arrange transportation from Vengurla. Site and tower closed.
- Vengurla Rocks (Burnt Islands) (2)
- 1890 (station established 1870). Active; focal plane 49 m (161 ft); two white flashes every 20 s. 21 m (69 ft) round cast iron tower with lantern and gallery, painted with red and white horizontal bands. Lighthouse Digest has a photo, ARLHS has Vithoba Kerkar's aerial photo, Bhushan Parab has a view from the sea, and Google has a satellite view. The Vengurla Rocks are bare rocks best known as a breeding site for a rare bird, the Indian swiftlet. Located in the Arabian Sea about 11 km (7 mi) off the coast and 20 km (13 mi) west northwest of Vengurla. Accessible only by boat; it may be possible to arrange transportation from Vengurla. Site and tower closed. ARLHS IND-009; Admiralty F0598; NGA 27804.
- Malvan (Malwan) Bay Range Rear
- Date unknown (station established 1903). Active; focal plane 18 m (59 ft); green flash every 3 s. 14 m (46 ft) square steel skeletal tower. Upper portion of the tower painted red, lower part white. No photo available and the tower is hard to find in Google's satellite view. The front light is on a short mast. This light guides local fishermen and is displayed only during fair weather when they are at sea. Lights were displayed at Malwan at least as early as 1878, and a light on a mast was established in 1903. Located behind the beach at Malvan, a village about 32 km (20 mi) north of Vengurla. Site status unknown. Admiralty F0596.1; NGA 27824.
- Achra (Achara) Point (2)
- Date unknown (2012?). Active; focal plane 50 m (164 ft) (?); two white flashes every 6 s. Approx. 22 m (72 ft) (?) round concrete tower with lantern and gallery. Lighthouse painted white, lantern roof red. Abhay Aparaj has a 2019 photo and a closeup of this new lighthouse, Jayanti Dhuri has a very distant view and Google has a satellite view. NGA lists a 9 m (30 ft) skeletal tower at this location, and an Indian Notice to Mariners identified that light as "temporarily extinguished" in 2012. The new lighthouse should have a focal plane of about 61 m (200 ft). Located on a steep headland across the estuary entrance at Achra, a village about 50 km (30 mi) north of Vengurla. Site status unknown. Admiralty F0592; NGA 27832.
- * Devgarh (Davgarh, Devgad) (2)
- 1958 (station established 1915). Active; focal plane 42 m (138 ft); four white flashes every 23 s. 11 m (36 ft) round masonry tower with lantern and gallery, painted with black and white horizontal bands; lantern dome painted red. Pandurang Bhise has a 2019 closeup photo (also seen at right), Kothanda Srinivasan also has a photo, a 2012 photo shows the radar antenna mounted above the lantern, and Bing has a satellite view. The lighthouse is built within the walls of a ruined early 18th century fortress. Located on a promontory at south side of the harbor entrance at Devgarh, about 80 km (50 mi) north of Vengurla. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS IND-084; Admiralty F0590; NGA 27828.
Ratnagiri District Lighthouses- Wagapur (Ragapur, Wajapur, Tarapur) Point (2)
- 1958 (station established 1873). Active; focal plane 46 m (151 ft); white flash every 15 s. 23 m (75 ft) square cylindrical masonry tower with lantern and gallery, attached to a 1-story concrete keeper's cottage. Lighthouse painted with black and white horizontal bands; lantern dome painted red. Prathamesh Dhawde has a closeup photo, Wikimapia has several photos, and Google has a satellite view. The original lighthouse was a 6.5 m (21 ft) tower. Located on the point at the south side of the entrance to Rajapur Bay, about 45 km (28 mi) west of Rajapur. An unpaved cart track leads to the lighthouse. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS IND-122; Admiralty F0586; NGA 27840.
- Musakazi Point
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 35 m (115 ft); two white flashes every 7.5 s. 9 m (30 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower. No photo available but Bing has a satellite view. NGA misspells the name as Musargagi. Located on a headland on the north side of the entrance to Rajapur Bay, opposite the Wagapur lighthouse. Site status unknown. Admiralty F0587; NGA 27844.
- Pawas Point (2)
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane about 22 m (72 ft); two white flashes every 15 s. NGA lists a small skeletal tower with a focal plane of 11 m (36 ft), but Bing's satellite view shows a slender, much taller tower. Located on a headland about 10 km (6 mi) south of the Ratnagiri lighthouse. Site and tower closed (access is through an industrial plant). Admiralty F0583; NGA 27850.
- ** Ratnagiri (Rathnagiri) (3)
- 1965 (station established 1867). Active; focal plane 102 m (335 ft); two white flashes every 10 s. 15 m (49 ft) round masonry tower with lantern and gallery, painted with black and white horizontal bands; lantern dome painted red. Kristina Hoeppner's photo is at right, Karishma Pais has a photo, Akash Bhise has a 2018 photo, and Google has a satellite view. The original lighthouse, a 10 m (33 ft) masonry tower, was replaced by a skeletal tower in 1940. The lighthouse is within the walls of Ratnagiri Fort. Located on heights on the south side of the harbor at Ratnagiri. Accessible by road. Site open, tower open for tours daily 4 to 5 pm. ARLHS IND-110; Admiralty F0580; NGA 27856.
- Warori Bluff
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 50 m (164 ft); white flash every 10 s. 9 m (30 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower. No photo available but Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located atop a steep slope at Kharviwada. Site status unknown. Admiralty F0579; NGA 27864.
- ** Jaigarh (Jaigarh Head, Jaigad, Karateshwar) (3)
- 1933 (station established 1896). Active; focal plane 41 m (135 ft); four white flashes every 20 s. 22 m (72 ft) round cast iron tower with lantern and gallery, painted with red and white horizontal bands. Several 1-story keeper's houses. Paramantapa Dasgupta has a 2012 closeup, Prasad Gohad has a 2017 photo, and Google has a satellite view. The original light, mounted on a bastion of Jaigarh Fort, was replaced by a skeletal tower in 1899. Nilesh Korgaonkar has an account of a visit to the lighthouse in 1998; he found the lighthouse was not automated and keepers were still winding the clockwork rotating mechanism by hand. Located on a promontory about 50 km (30 mi) south of Guhagar. Site open, tower open for tours daily 4 to 5 pm. ARLHS IND-087; Admiralty F0578; NGA 27868.
- Jaigarh (Jaigad) Breakwater
- 2012. Active; focal plane 20 m (66 ft); white flash every 10 s. Approx. 17 m (56 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower, painted white. A very distant view from the Karhateshwar Temple is available, but Google has a satellite view. Locared on the breakwater on the south side of the entrance to the Shastri River. Site status unknown. Admiralty F0577.5.
- Boria Bay
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 37 m (121 ft); red flash every 5 s. 9 m (30 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower. No closeup photo available but Mandar Zarve has a very distant view and Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located on a prominent headland at Velneshvar. Site status unknown. Admiralty F0577; NGA 27880.
- Palshet
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 59 m (194 ft); two white flashes every 6 s. 9 m (30 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower. No photo available but Google has an indistinct satellite view. This light is only seen by vessels sailing south along the coast. Located atop a cliff north of Palshet Bay. Site status unknown. Admiralty F0576; NGA 27884.
- *** Tolkeshwar Point (Anjanvel, Port Dabhol) (3)
- 1958 (station established 1880). Active; focal plane 104 m (341 ft); three white flashes every 15 s. 14 m (46 ft) square cylindrical masonry tower with lantern and gallery, painted white; lantern dome painted red. A closeup photo is at right, Ranjit Wagh has a 2017 photo, Praveen Jadhav has a closeup photo, a 2011 closeup is available (near the bottom of the page), Nilesh Korgaonkar reports on a 1998 visit, and Google has a satellite view of the station. The original cast iron post light was replaced by a short masonry tower in 1934. Located on a high promontory near Dabhol, about 20 km (13 mi) north northwest of Guhagar. Site open, tower open daily 3 to 5 pm. ARLHS IND-117; Admiralty F0566; NGA 27888.
- * Harnai Promontory
- 1899. Active; focal plane 29 m (95 ft); red flash every 5 s. 10 m (33 ft) round concrete tower with gallery; the lantern has been replaced by a light on a short mast. The lighthouse was formerly painted white, but in photos it seems most of the paint has weathered off. Khalil Sawant has a 2008 closeup photo, Raja Mahale has a photo, Mandar Gurav has a closeup photo, and Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located atop a narrow promontory, connected to the mainland by a causeway, on the north side of the harbor entrance at Harnai. Site probably open, tower closed. ARLHS IND-086; Admiralty F0564; NGA 27904.
Raigad District Lighthouses- Nanwell (Nanvell) Point (Rajpuri Point)
- 1964 (station established 1884). Active; focal plane 66 m (217 ft); three white flashes every 15 s. 19 m (62 ft) octagonal masonry tower, painted with red and white horizontal bands. Pritam Patil has a 2018 closeup photo, Wikimapia has photos, and Google has a satellite view. The original light was a 10.5 m (34 ft) white tower. In 1998 Nilesh Korgaonkar had a long hike from Nanvell to reach the lighthouse, where he had tea with the keepers. Located on a promontory at the southern entrance to the Rajpuri Creek estuary, about 80 km (50 mi) west of Mangaon. Site open but quite difficult to reach, tower may be open by arrangement with the keepers. ARLHS IND-104; Admiralty F0562; NGA 27908.
- [Bandar Hill (2)]
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 80 m (262 ft); two white flashes every 15 s. 9 m (30 ft) post. Bipin Patil has a photo but the location of the light is uncertain in Google's satellite view. NGA lists a skeletal tower and the square concrete pad for such a tower is seen in Patil's photo. Located atop a hill on the north side of the entrance to Rajpuri Creek. Site status unknown. Admiralty F0559; NGA 27916.
- * Korlai Fort (Chaul)
- 1955. Active; focal plane 33 m (108 ft); white flash every 3 s. 16 m (52 ft) square cylindrical masonry tower with lantern and gallery, attached to the front of a 2-story masonry keeper's house. Tower painted with black and white horizontal bands; lantern dome painted red. Harshal Sonawane's photo is at right, Mithila Rane has a photo, Vinit Maheshwari has a 2007 photo, and Google has a satellite view and a fuzzy street view. Ruins of the early 16th century Korlai fort, built in a successful campaign to expel the Portuguese from Chaul, are on the hill above the lighthouse; a long stairway connects the fort and the light station. Located on a promontory on the north side of the entrance to Chaul, about 18 km (11 mi) south of Alibag and 40 km (25 mi) south of the Mumbai (Bombay) metropolitan area. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS IND-081; Admiralty F0558; NGA 27928.
- Chaul Kadu Reefs
- 1870. Active; focal plane 17 m (56 ft); red flash every 3 s. 19 m (62 ft) round cylindrical masonry tower with gallery, painted white. Lantern removed. In front of the lighthouse is a prow-shaped masonry wall meant to break the force of any waves that might reach the tower. The lighthouse was built with a refuge room to shelter shipwrecked sailors. Bing has a satellite view. Located about 5 km (3 mi) offshore and about 10 km (6 mi) southwest of Alibag. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. ARLHS IND-001; Admiralty F0557.6; NGA 27924.
- * [Alibag (Kolaba Fort, Kulaba Fort)]
- Date unknown (station established 1890). Active; focal plane 10 m (33 ft); continuous light, white or green depending on direction. 3 m (10 ft) post mounted on the southernmost bastion of the Kolaba Fort. Siddharth Panigrahi has a photo, Rohit Hannurkar has a 2017 street view, and Google has a satellite view of the bastion. The Kolaba Fort is a famous 17th century Maratha stronghold, a center of resistance to British occupation. Located on an island about 2 km (1.25 mi) southwest of Alibag. A popular tourist destination, the fort is accessible by passenger ferry from Alibag. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F0557; NGA 27932.
- ** Kanhoji (Khanoji) Angre (Khanderi Island, Kennery Island)
- 1867. Active; focal plane 47 m (154 ft); two flashes every 10 s, white or red depending on direction. 23 m (75 ft) octagonal cut stone tower with lantern and gallery, attached to a 2-story keeper's house. 1st order Fresnel lens in use. The tower is unpainted; lantern painted white; lantern roof is gray metallic. An enclosed observation room has been built on the gallery. DGLL's photo is at right, Wikimedia has Anand Ranade's photo, Huelse has a historic postcard view, Forand has a second postcard view, and Google has a satellite view. Khanderi Island is also the site of a 17th century fort. The island is managed by the Mumbai Port Trust. The lighthouse has been renamed for Khanhoji Angre, an early 18th century Maratha admiral who used the island as a base to attack British and Portuguese ships along the west coast of India. In April 2013, it was announced that the station would be opened to visitors for the first time; a new jetty was built to support regular tours from Mumbai. Located about 6 km (4.5 mi) offshore and 10 km (6 mi) northwest of Alibag. Site open, tower open 10 am to 5 pm daily with tours from Mumbai available; there is a very distant view from the mainland. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. ARLHS IND-093; Admiralty F0556; NGA 27936
- Gull Island
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 26 m (85 ft); white flash every 5 s. 19.5 m (64 ft) steel skeletal tower. Rajkiran Koli has a very distant view, and Google has a satellite view. Located on a small island off the mouth of the Karanja Creek estuary about 5 km (3 mi) north of Mandve and 15 km (9 mi) southeast of Mumbai. Accessible only by boat. Site status unknown. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. ARLHS IND-085; Admiralty F0515; NGA 27960.
 Vengurla Point Light, Vengurla, March 2007 Flickr photo (no longer online) copyright Kedar Sule; used by permission |
 Devgarh Light, Devgarh, February 2019 Google Maps photo by Pandurang Bhise |
Mumbai Lighthouses
- Mumbai (formerly called Bombay) is India's greatest port and most populous city. The historic and central portion of the city is located on Salsette Island, which is separated from the mainland by the city's harbor and estuaries called Thane Creek and Vasai Creek. The two creeks are the main distributaries of the Ulhas River. 15 million people live on Salsette Island and the metropolitan population of Mumbai is at least 23 million.
Mumbai Harbour East Side Lighthouses- The east (mainland) side of Mumbai Harbor, including Butcher and Elephanta Islands, is in Raigad District; it is also in the area of the planned city of Navi Mumbai (New Mumbai).
- Uran Patch Range Rear
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); quick-flashing white light. 12 m (39 ft) square skeletal tower, lower portion enclosed, mounted on a round pier. Trabas has Cameron's closeup photo and Google has a satellite view. The range guides vessels southbound on the west side of Elephanta Island. The front light is on a 7 m (23 ft) tower. Located on the southeast side of the harbor off the naval station. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. Admiralty F0548.1; NGA 28020.
- Sheva Island Range Front
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 54 m (177 ft); quick-flashing red light. Approx. 46 m (151 ft) skeletal tower. No photo available but Bing has a satellite view. Located on a pier in the Jawaharlal Nehru Port, India's largest containership port, on the east side of Mumbai Harbour. Site and tower closed. Operator/site manager: Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust. Admiralty F0552.3; NGA 28014.
- Sheva Island Range Middle
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 66 m (217 ft); red light, 3 s on, 3 s off. Approx. 40 m (131 ft) square skeletal tower. No photo available, but Bing has a satellite view. NGA lists this tower as the rear light of the range. Located on a bluff on the east side of the port. Site and tower closed. Operator/site manager: Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust. Admiralty F0552.31; NGA 28014.5.
- Sheva Island Range Rear
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane unknown; red light, pattern unknown. Approx. 19 m (60 ft) skeletal tower mounted on a building and carrying a radar antenna. No photo available, but Bing has a satellite view. Located about 1 km (0.6 mi) east northeast of the middle light. Site and tower closed. Operator/site manager:Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust. Admiralty F0552.32.
- Butcher Island
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 9 m (30 ft); four flashes every 10 s, white or red depending on direction. 9 m (30 ft) mast atop a square equipment shelter mounted on a robust round pier. Trabas has Cameron's closeup photo (also seen at right) and Google has a satellite view. Located off the south side of Butcher Island, on the east side of Thane Creek. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. Admiralty F0549; NGA 28024.
- Elephanta Island Range Front
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 12 m (39 ft); quick-flashing white light. 12 m (39 ft) slender cylindrical skeletal tower. Trabas has Cameron's photo and Google has a satellite view. The range guides inbound vessels northbound along the east side of the harbor. Located at the water's edge on the south side of Elephanta Island. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. Admiralty F0547; NGA 28008.
- Elephanta Island Range Rear
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 22 m (72 ft); quick-flashing white light. Approx. 12 m (39 ft) square skeletal tower. No photo available but Bing has an indistinct satellite view. The range guides vessels northbound along the east side of the harbor. Located at the water's edge on the south side of Elephanta Island. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. Admiralty F0547.1; NGA 28012.
- Barnacle Rock
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane unknown; quick-flashing red light. Round masonry tower, height unknown. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located in the channel between Elephanta Island and the mainland, in the northeast corner of Mumbai Harbour. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. Admiralty F0547.6.
- Elephanta Patch
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 8 m (26 ft); white flash every 2 s. 5 m (17 ft) square pyramidal skeletal tower with enclosed upper section, painted white and mounted on a square platform supported by piles. Trabas has Cameron's photo and Google has a satellite view. The Admiralty describes the tower as being black. Located off the west side of Elephanta Island. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. Admiralty F0549.5.
Mumbai Harbour West Side Lighthouses- Mumbai includes two districts of Maharashtra: Mumbai City District for the central city area and Mumbai Suburban District for the remainder of Salsette Island.
- [North Channel Beacon (3?)]
- Date unknown (station established 1897). Active; focal plane 8 m (26 ft); red light, 3 s on, 2 s off. 8 m (26 ft) square skeletal tower mounted on an octagonal concrete pier. Tower painted dark red. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located off the Princess Dock north of Cross Island on the west side of Mumbai Harbour. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. Admiralty F0532; NGA 27992.
- Tucker (Tucker Patch)
- 1908. Active; focal plane 21 m (69 ft); white or red light, depending on direction, 3 s on, 2 s off. 21 m (69 ft) two-stage tower; a square skeletal tower, painted white, atop a robust round pier. Trabas has Cameron's closeup photo (also seen at right), Shiva M. Misra has a foggy photo, and Bing has a satellite view. Located on a rock in Mumbai Harbour about 5 km (3 mi) northeast of Dolphin Rock. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. Admiralty F0546; NGA 28004.
- Navy Yard South Breakwater (2?)
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 15 m (49 ft); red flash every 3 s. Light mounted on the side of a tall square skeletal communications tower. Trabas has Cameron's photo and the tower is seen in Google's satellite view. Formerly described as a mast mounted on a building. Located at the end of the south breakwater of the Indian Navy base. Site and tower closed. Operator: Mumbai Port Trust. Site manager: Indian Navy. Admiralty F0521; NGA 27972.
- Dolphin Rock
- 1850. Active (?); focal plane 11 m (36 ft); four flashes every 20 s, white to the east northeast and red in other directions. 13 m (43 ft) round stone tower topped by a circular keeper's house, lantern and gallery. The tower is unpainted; keeper's house and lantern painted white. Endangered. Hindol Bhattacharya's July 2007 photo shows the lantern collapsed and it was then removed. Leonora Enking has a 2010 photo, Trabas has Cameron's photo, Jenny Kuykendall has a view of the lighthouse in front of the Mumbai skyline, and Google has a satellite view. An older photo shows the intact lighthouse. Located about 2.5 km (1.5 mi) north of the Sunk Rock Light in Mumbai Harbour. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. ARLHS IND-002; Admiralty F0520; NGA 27968.
- Sunk Rock
- 1884. Active (?); focal plane 20 m (66 ft); two flashes every 6 s, white along the channel and red in other directions. 22 m (72 ft) round tower with gallery, mounted on a stone pier. Tower painted in a red and yellow checkerboard pattern. Endangered: Tessa Vodafone's 2018 photo shows the lighthouse apparently abandoned and in very poor condition. Trabas has Cameron's photo (also seen at right), a 2010 closeup shows that the lantern had been removed, and Google has a satellite view. Sourendu Gupta's 2006 photo shows the lighthouse with its lantern intact. Swimming races are held between the lighthouse and the Gateway of India, a famous landmark on the Mumbai waterfront. In March 2017 the Port Trust announced plans to restore and develop the lighthouse as a tourist attraction, including decks around the tower to support a restaurant. At last report these plans were under review and negotiation with the Environment Ministry and the Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee. Located about 2.5 km southeast of the Gateway to India. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. Operator/site manager: Mumbai Port Trust. ARLHS IND-008; Admiralty F0516; NGA 27956.
Mumbai Ocean Side Lighthouses- Prongs Reef (Colaba Point)
- 1874 (lightship station established 1842). Active; focal plane 41 m (135 ft); white flash every 10 s. 44 m (144 ft) round tapered stone tower with lantern and two galleries, mounted on a stone pier. 1st order Fresnel lens in use. The tower is painted white with a red horizontal band, and the supporting pier is painted black. DGLL's photo is at right, Mayur Mangela has a photo, Trabas has Cameron's view, a view from shore is available, Huelse has a historic postcard image, and Google has a good satellite view. This historic offshore lighthouse, marking the entrance to Mumbai Harbour, replaced the onshore Colaba Point lighthouse (see below under Lost Lighthouses). It is one of the few offshore lighthouses in the world still staffed; keepers alternate in 15-day shifts. In its early days, the lighthouse was equipped with a cannon to repel pirates. Located about 2.5 km (1.5 mi) south of Colaba Point, the southernmost point of Salsette Island. Accessible only by boat. Site and tower closed. Operator/site manager: DGLL. ARLHS IND-007; Admiralty F0514; NGA 27952.
- Uarashi
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 10 m (33 ft); red flash every 10 s. 10 m (33 ft) concrete beacon. No photo available but Google has an indistinct satellite view. Located in the Arabian Sea about 1500 m (0.9 mi) off the Khar West district. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F0502; NGA 28044.
- Madh (Vesava)
- Date unknown. Active(?); focal plane 14 m (46 ft); white flash every 2 s. 15 m (49 ft) round 2-stage concrete tower. Sid Nair has a photo, Alankar Joshi has a sunset photo, Mahesh Ramesh has a distant street view from shore, and Google has a satellite view. Located on a rocky point north of Mahd Creek, in the Mira Bhayandar area of northwestern Salsette Island. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F0500; NGA 28052.
- * Uttan
- 1960. Active; focal plane 53 m (174 ft); two white flashes every 15 s. Approx. 17 m (56 ft) square cylindrical masonry tower with lantern and gallery, painted with horizontal red and white bands and attached to a 1-story keeper's house. Pravin Ubhare has a photo, Amar Kumar has a 2011 photo, and Google has a satellite view. Located near the northwestern point of Salsette Island, about 50 km (30 mi) north of Mumbai. Accessible by road. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS IND-119; Admiralty F0499; NGA 28060.
- [Dongri (Donghri) Point]
- Date unknown. Active; focal plane 14 m (46 ft); continuous green light. 7 m (23 ft) skeletal mast. Sunil D'Mello has a photo but the small light is not seen in Google's satellite view of the point. NGA lists the tower height as 7 ft. Located on the northwestern point of Salsette Island marking the south side of the entrance to the estuary. Site status unknown. Admiralty F0496; NGA 28064.
Thane District Lighthouses- Bassein (Vasai Creek) (2)
- 2019. Active; focal plane unknown; quick-flashing red light. Apparently a round concrete tower. No photo available but Google has an indistinct satellite view. NGA lists the original light as "metal post, masonry base." An Indian Notice to Mariners reported the light "temporarily extinguished" in 2012. According to a Mumbai Free Press Journal article in May 2019, the "lone badly damaged lighthouse of the region had stopped functioning several years ago" and weather was delaying construction of a new lighthouse. No details of the new lighthouse were provided. Located on a rocky reef about 400 m (1/4 mi) off the north side of the entrance to Vasai Creek. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F0498; NGA 28056.
- * Arnala (5)
- 2019 (station established 1860). Active; focal plane 33 m (108 ft); three flashes every 15 s, white or red depending on direction. 30 m (98 ft) round concrete tower with lantern and double gallery, painted with black and white spiral bands. There's a closeup late 2019 YouTube video of the new tower and its 1996 predecessor, a square skeletal tower with double gallery painted white. Mahendra Kharpade has a March 2020 view from the sea that doesn't show the old tower, so probably it was demolished. Google has a satellite view of the new tower. The original light on a mast was replaced by skeletal towers in 1907 and again in 1967. Located in Arnala, a fishing port about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of Vasai. Accessible by road. Site open, tower closed. ARLHS IND-074; Admiralty F0494; NGA 28068.
- * Satpati (2)
- 2010. Active; focal plane 30 m (98 ft); two white flashes every 20 s. Approx. 25 m (82 ft) round cylindrical concrete tower with lantern and gallery, painted with red and white horizontal bands. A 2013 photo is available, Parag Mhatre has a view from the top of the tower, and Google has a 2017 photo and a satellite view. The previous light, described by NGA as a mast, was actually a square skeletal tower with a focal plane of 22 m (72 ft). The lighthouse is on the grounds of the Maharashtra Government Fisheries Training Center in Satpati, a fishing port about 80 km (50 mi) north of Mumbai. Site open, tower closed. Admiralty F0492; NGA 28076.
- Satpati Entrance
- Date unknown. Apparently inactive. Approx. 9 m (30 ft) round concrete tower. No photo available but Google has a satellite view. Located on the south side of the estuary entrance, about 2 km (1.2 mi) northwest of the new lighthouse. Accessible only by boat. Site open, tower closed.
- Tarapur (Tarapur Point)
- 1961. Active; focal plane 25 m (82 ft); three white flashes every 30 s. 23 m (75 ft) square cylindrical masonry tower with lantern and gallery, painted with horizontal black and white bands; lantern roof painted red. DGLL's photo is at right and Google has a satellite view. Tarapur is the site of a large nuclear power station which also provides plutonium for India's nuclear weaons program. Located on a promontory about 6 km (4 mi) southwest of Tarapur. Site status unknown, probably closed. ARLHS IND-115; Admiralty F0491.5; NGA 28084.
 Tucker Patch Light, Mumbai Harbour photo copyright Douglas Cameron; used be permission |
Information available on lost lighthouses:
- Colaba Point (1847?-early 1900s), Mumbai. Forand has an 1875 photo of this 27 m (89 ft) lighthouse, which was located at the southern tip of Salsette Island in Mumbai. Various early light lists and Trethewey's history give 1847 as the date of this station, but other historical sources say that there was a lighthouse on the point in the late 1700s. The light was apparently deactivated when the Prongs Reef Light was completed in 1874, but it remained in use as a signal station. The last known reference to it is in 1906, but we do not know when it was demolished. There is no trace of the station remaining today.
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